Inhibitory or stimulatory effect of human genes on the expression of adrenal function in human Leydig × Y1 cell hybrids
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To evolve silkworm hybrids with higher survival and better cocoon characters, evaluation of semen hybrids in the laboratory (short-listed out of 143 hybrids) resulted in the identification of two promising hybrids, A3935 E (HSP1) and A3916 B (HSP2). The hybrids were evaluated at three different Regional Sericultural Research Stations of Central Silk Board during 1997-1998 and also tested with the farmers along with two control hybrids, KAxNB4D2 and PMxNB4D2. Evaluation of the hybrids indicated that these hybrids can be reared in all the seasons, especially during summer season. These hybrids show shorter larval duration (22 days 17 hrs against 23 days in control KAxNB4D2 and better cocoon characters as compared to the crossed breeds PM NB4D2).
Sericulture
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Taking the method of artificial inoculation,the resistance of 920 maize hybrids to head smut were identified and evaluated.The result showed that 1.3% maize hybrids were highly resistant,10.1% maize hybrids were resistant,12.6% maize hybrids were moderately resistant,62% maize hybrids were susceptible and 20% maize hybrids were highly susceptible.Test of maize hybrid in different areas and types showed that 37.8% later-maturing maize hybrids and 23.3% succulence maize hybrids,18.5% early-maturing maize hybrids,17.5% summer-planting maize hybrids and 16.7% special-early-maturing maize hybrid,8.6% waxy maize hybrids and 5.4% sweet maize hybrids were moderately-highly resistant.Among 160 authorized maize hybrids,there were 4 highly resistant,11 resistant and 19 moderately resistant.
Smut
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Potential female parents of sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, hybrids are male sterilized before their combining abilities are determined. This procedure necessitates considerable time and effort before the lines can be tested for combining ability. It would be advantageous to identify the highest combining potential females before they are sterilized, thus reducing the number of lines to sterilize for final testing. Our study was organized to determine if the yields of three‐way‐cross hybrids could be used to predict the expected yields of single‐cross hybrids. Eighteen three‐way‐cross hybrids and 12 related singlecross hybrids were compared in each of 2 years. Single crosses were A‐lines ✕ R lines, and three way crosses were (A‐lines ✕ B‐lines) ✕ R‐lines. Analysis of variance indicated yield differences among hybrids and contrast analyses indicated lack of differences in most comparisons of single‐cross hybrids with three related three‐way‐cross hybrids. It was concluded that comparison of the performance of three‐way‐cross hybrids of the lines used would have effectively identified the best potential female parents of single‐cross hybrids.
Sorghum bicolor
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The aim of the research was to find out whether registered hybrids have the best formula or not. The experimental material consisted of four commercial hybrids: BLASK, GROM, WIARUS and WILGA, and 17 experimental hybrids obtained from the same or related lines. The material was divided into the following groups: 1) SC hybrids: BLASK, and GROM and 7 related hybrids, 2) TC hybrids: WIARUS and 8 related hybrids, 3) TC hybrid WILGA and 2 related hybrids. In the first group one experimental hybrid yielded the same as BLASK, while four other hybrids yielded as well as GROM. In the second group the experimental hybrids did not differ significantly in yield compared to WIARUS. in the third group WILGA appeared to have the optimal formula.
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Superiority of hybrid maize cannot be overemphasized. Different types of hybrids are developed by plant breeders to improve productivity and multi-locational evaluation of these hybrids prior to release is necessary to select the best. The objectives of this study were to identify maize hybrids with superior agronomic potentials and compare the performance of top-cross and three-way cross hybrid maize varieties for grain yield and related traits under rain-fed condition in three different locations (Abeokuta, Ibadan and Akure) of Southwest Nigeria. The study consisted of ten hybrids each of top-cross and three-way cross hybrid varieties, tested with two checks. At each location, the experiment was laid out in randomised complete block design with three replications. The results showed that effects of locations, genotypes and genotype x location interactions were highly significant (p<0.01) for all the traits evaluated. Significant differences were also revealed between the top-cross and three-way cross hybrids for all the traits evaluated except days to 50% tasseling, ear diameter and 100-grain weight. The top-cross hybrids were superior over the three-way cross hybrids for grain yield by 5.25%. The hybrids ‘M0926-7’, ‘M0926-8’, ‘M1026-11’, ‘M1026-3’, ‘M1226-2’ (top-cross hybrids), ‘M1124-24’, ‘M1124-27’, ‘M1124-31’, ‘M1227-6’ and ‘M1227-7’ (three-way cross hybrids) showed highest stable yields across the three locations. Hybrids ‘M0926-7’ (top-cross hybrid) and ‘M1124-24’ (three-way cross hybrid) that expressed early flowering with higher grain yield are recommended for drought stress prone areas because of their abilities to tolerate drought through escape.
Drought Tolerance
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ABSTRACT We compared the grain quality of Chinese single‐cross maize ( Zea mays L.) initially released during the 1960s to 2000s, their parental inbreds, and a set of U.S. hybrids released during the 1960s and 2000s. Chinese hybrids showed lower starch concentrations and higher oil and protein concentrations compared with U.S. hybrids. Chinese hybrids showed a decadal increase of 0.81% in starch concentration, whereas U.S. hybrids showed an increase of 0.57%. Grain quality concentrations of Chinese hybrids exhibited more significant interactions with either planting density or with planting density × environment than did U.S. hybrids. Concentrations of oil, protein, and lysine decreased for Chinese hybrids, which coincided with the introduction and extensive use in China of U.S. maize germplasm during the 1970s and 1980s. Chinese hybrids released during the 1990s had similar kernel compositions to the U.S. hybrids. The kernel quality composition of Chinese hybrids and their mean parent values showed very similar trends during the 1960s to 2000s. Selection for high grain quality parental inbred lines in addition to selection for yield per se will be required if it is deemed important to elevate the grain quality attributes of Chinese maize hybrids.
Germ plasm
Grain Quality
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Corn seed agronomists often talk about and suggest growers plant these hybrids on their best producing soils. They imply that hybrids yield higher than other hybrids in high yielding environments. We questioned whether hybrids exist among commercially available corn hybrids. If so, what is their yield advantage in high yielding environments and how do they perform in low yielding environments? A total of 13,174 corn hybrids grown at three or more locations from 1,904 experiments conducted by several Midwest university corn performance trial programs were evaluated to determine yield response over environments. The concept of racehorse and stable hybrids will be presented and discussed relative to a grower's management decision of choosing hybrids for their farm. Only 3-4% of the hybrids tested could be classified as hybrids.
Plant Breeding
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Heterosis potential analysis of cytoplasmic male sterile three-way crosses hybrids in Brassica napus
A comparison between cytoplasmic male sterile three-way cross and single-cross hybrids was studied in Brassica napus. The result showed that , the highest yield in all of the combinations was one single cross hybrid, the second one was three-way cross hybrid. The average yield of three-way cross hybrids was little lower than that of single cross hybrids. Comparing to the corresponding two single cross hybrids, 25% of three-way cross hybrids had higher heterosis, 41.7% of them had lower heterosis , and 33.3% of them had the heterosis between those of two single cross hybrids. The average plant CV(%) of 12 three-way cross hybrids in 7 agronomic characters had little difference between the three-way cross hybrids and single-cross hybrids except pods per plant and seeds per pod which were higher. Comparing to each three-way cross hybrid with the corresponding two single cross hybrids, the uniformity of three-way cross hybrids was worse than that of the single cross hybrids. Three-way cross hybrids had better resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and lodging than those of their corresponding two single cross hybrids.
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum
Reciprocal cross
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Six eA lines (CMS lines with eui1 or eui2) and their corresponding A lines (CMS lines without eui), three eR lines (restorer lines with eui1) and their corresponding non-eui R lines, were used to make 36 crosses. These crosses (hybrids) can be grouped into 4 genotypes of hybrids: hybrids with eui1, hybrids with eui2, hybrids with both of eui1 and eui2, as well as the corresponding hybrids without eui. Biological characters and yield components were analyzed in these four types of hybrids. The main results were as following: e(eui)-hybrids had similar performance in plant type and other major agronomic traits to corresponding original ones. e-hybrids showed a little increase in plant height and a slightly increase in the length of panicle in the length of panicle base exserting out of leaf sheath in the length of flag leaf, second leaf and the first internode. Moreover, e-hybrids headed 1.1-1.6 days earlier, little less number of tillers and little higher percentage productive panicles per plant than those of non-eui-hybrids. Compared to those of hybrids without eui, there was a little increase in grain length, grain width, 1 000-grain weight and theory yield of e-hybrids. The number of productive panicles per plant, seed set per hill and other panicle characters were no differences between e-hybrid and non-eui-hybrid. e-hybrids with eui1 and e-hybrids with both of eui1 and eui2 showed larger leaf area compared to hybrids without eui. e-hybrids have higher crop growth rate(CGR) compared to corresponding non-eui-hybrids, and the eui genes showed different effects as following order: eui1≈eui1+eui2eui2.
Panicle
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In the search for an alternative to reduce the price of hybrid maize seeds the present experiment was carried out to compare the performance and variability among double cross hybrids (DC) derived from the F 1 and F 2 generations, and from intercrossed plants of the F 2 generation of some single cross hybrids (SC). Experiments were carried out in two agricultural seasons. In the first, 1997-98, 42 double cross hybrids were obtained from seven commercial single cross hybrids, that is, 21 from F 1 and 21 from F 2 generations of the respective single cross hybrid. These hybrids were evaluated in three locations, in two experiments/location, one of them with DC hybrids from F 1 generation, and the other with DC from F 2 . Four SC hybrids were used as controls in each experiment. In the 2000/2001 season 36 DC hybrids were evaluated, 15 derived from the F 1 generation, 15 from the F 2 generation of the same SC hybrids and six from the F 2i generation. The 36 DC hybrids and six controls were evaluated in two locations. The grain yield of some DC hybrids was as high as the yield of the best SC hybrid recommended for the region. The double cross hybrids, from different origins, that is, the F 1 , F 2 or F 2i generations were similar in their yield performance and variability what shows that it is possible to reduce the cost of double cross hybrid seed production using the intercrossed population derived from the SC hybrid, so line multiplication is not needed nor does the SC F 1 hybrid have to be obtained every year.
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