Effect of acrylonitrile on the transcription of specific genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Human genetics
Ribosomal protein
Two recent experiments for adsorbed acrylonitrile on the Si(001) surface reported different adsorption structures at 110 and 300 K. We investigate the reaction of acrylonitrile on Si(001) by first-principles density-functional calculations. We find that the so-called [4+2] structure in which acrylonitrile resides between two dimer rows is not only thermodynamically favored over other structural models but also easily formed via a precursor where the N atom of acrylonitrile is attached to the down atom of the Si dimer. The additional initial-state theory calculation for the C 1s core levels of adsorbed acrylonitrile provides an interpretation for the observed low- and room-temperature adsorption configurations in terms of the precursor and [4+2] structures, respectively.
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Propionitrile
Propane
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The influence of the technical specifications of acrylonitrile plant of Daqing Refining Chemical Company was described.Through analyzing the factors effecting the recovery of acrylonitrile unit with 80000 t/a,the methods to reduce the loss of acrylonitrile were put forward which was very practical in the acrylonitrile plant production.
Refining (metallurgy)
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Vinyl acetate
Sequence (biology)
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Acrylonitrile is an important chemical compound in the chemical industry. It has numerous applications such as in textiles, for carbon fibers, for plastics (e.g., acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) and in water treatment (after conversion to acrylamide). The most common process to produce acrylonitrile is the propylene ammoxidation (oxidation of propylene in presence of ammonia), although recently propane ammoxidation was also implemented.
Ammoxidation
Propane
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The use of small amounts of dissolved copper in the dye bath to improve the dyeing of acrylonitrile fibers is described. Cuprous copper, obtained by reducing cupric acetate or sul fate in the dye bath, is the preferred form. The technique appears to be specific to acrylonitrile fibers, and is most effective with acid, direct, and soluble acetate dyes. Data on sorption of cop per and of other metal ions by acrylonitrile fibers and various non-acrylonitrile fibers are pre sented, and possible complexes between copper ions and polymeric acrylonitrile are postulated.
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Abstract It was found that an equimolar complex is formed from acrylonitrile with triethylaluminum. The complex formation was verified by infrared spectroscopy. The original bands of acrylonitrile at 2235 cm −1 shifted and the new bands appeared at 2225 and 2275 cm −1 . Copolymerization of acrylonitrile with propylene was proved to be possible with a TiCl 3 –AlEt 3 catalyst system. Kinetic studies on copolymerization of propylene with acrylonitrile showed that composition of the starting monomer mixture markedly influenced the course of the reaction and the acrylonitrile content of the copolymer. Optimum conditions of the copolymerization reaction were as follows: temperature, 70°C; reaction time, 30 min; molar ratios of acrylonitrile to the metal alkyl and Al to Ti, 1:1 and 2;1, respectively, concentration of the total amount of monomers. Conversion is influenced by the aging time of the acrylonitrile‐metal alkyl complex; the yield is a linear function of the aging time. Composition of copolymers was determined by chemical analysis.
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Hydrazine (antidepressant)
Chemical modification
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The male rabbits were exposed to 20ppm of acrylonitrile for 8 hours a day, once a week for 8 continuous weeks, during which the daily amounts of free acrylonitrile and thiocyanate excreted in urine were measured. The activity in the acrylonitrile metabolism was also determined as the amounts of cyanide and thiocyanate formed after the addition of acrylonitrile in the extirpated liver homogenate of those rabbits.In another experiment, to investigate the distribution in the tissues and the excretion of the substance, 14C-acrylonitrile was administered once to rabbits subcutaneously, and 14C radioactivities were determined by liquid scintillation counting.1) The excreted amount of free acrylonitrile in urine increased at every exposure from the 1st to the 3rd time, and after the 4th an equilibrium state was reached by the exposure of 20ppm of acrylonitrile once a week, repeatedly.2) The excreted amount of thiocyanate in urine increased about sixfold in the 1st acrylonitrile exposure, then decreased a little the 2nd time, and thereafter reached an equilibrium state.3) The activity in the acrylonitrile metabolism of the liver (measured as mentioned above) was lowered during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd exposures.4) The amount of thiocyanate accumulation in the liver also decreased during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd exposures.5) Experiment of subcutanious 14C-acrylonitrile injection revealed that an insoluble acrylonitrile complex, inseparable by boiling with acid, remained within the blood and tissues even 48 hours after the administration.Most of the acrylonitrile was metabolised to some soluble substances (most of them was thiocyanate), and consequently about 90% of injected acrylonitrile was excreted in urine as such metabolites.6) From the above results, it is considered that part of acrylonitrile absorbed in the body is combined strongly with the tissues by the cyanoethylation and this combined complex brings about inhibition of enzyme activity, etc., lowering the metabolism of acrylonitrile.
Thiocyanate
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Acrylonitrile can release cyanide through hepatic metabolism. Acrylonitrile is a clear, colorless, highly flammable, volatile liquid with a mild, unpleasant odor, also described as a sharp onion-like odor. Acrylonitrile has two chemically active sites, at the carbon–carbon double bond and at the nitrile group, where it undergoes a wide variety of reactions. The development of toxic cyanide blood levels upon acrylonitrile intoxication in humans highlights an important metabolic difference between laboratory rodents and humans. The metabolism of acrylonitrile has important implications on its mode of action. As with other aliphatic nitriles, the cyanide toxicity associated with the metabolism of acrylonitrile has been treated effectively with the various cyanide antidotes. However, there are alternative mechanisms of acrylonitrile toxicity that do not respond as readily, if at all, to the usual cyanide antidotes. In view of the skin permeability of acrylonitrile, biological monitoring strategies are important for the surveillance of exposed workers.
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