Oxidant and antioxidant status of human breast milk during lactation period
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Malondialdehyde
Lactoferrin
Breastfeeding of babies has received worldwide recommendation and acceptance due to its high level of bioactive constituents. Lactoferrin, an iron binding glycoprotein is one of the major bioactive components of breast milk. Lactoferrin has many proposed biological functions which include antibacterial/anti-inflammatory activities, participation in local secretory immune systems in synergism with some immunoglobulins and other protective proteins among other functions. The levels of this protein (lactoferin) in human breast milk (colostrums, transitional and mature milk) were evaluated using mothers with healthy as well as sick babies. The aim was to ascertain if the level of lactoferrin in the human breast milk has any correlation with the health status of the baby with reference to the development of neonatal sepsis. From the result gotten, the mean lactoferrin levels in the breast milk of mothers with healthy babies were colostrum (9.55±10.61 mg/ml), transitional milk (9.18±10.02 mg/ml) and mature milk (9.19±8.81 mg/ml). However, lower values were obtained that were statistically significant at P<0.05 for the lactoferrin levels in the breast milk of mothers with sick babies. The overall result showed that colostrum had the highest lactoferrin value as compared to transitional and mature milk even as the mean values in the mothers with sick babies were still significantly lower than those obtained from mothers with healthy babies. Age variations were also shown to play significant roles in the level of lactoferrin in breast milk. For the mothers with healthy babies at age 20 and below, the mean value for colostrum, transitional and mature milk were 9.00±8.36, 14.00±13.00 and 8.00± 9.00 mg/ml, respectively. The result for the mothers between 31–40 years showed 5.00±1.00 mg/ml for colostrum, 12.00±11.00 mg/ml for transitional milk and 8.00±9.00 mg/ml for mature milk. Mothers with sick babies had lower values when compared to the corresponding ages of the mothers with healthy babies. The study thus showed that lower levels of lactoferrin in mother’s breast milk could induce the development of neonatal sepsis and age variation was shown to be capable of affecting the level of lactoferrin in the breast milk.
Key words: Breast feeding, mothers, sick babies, healthy babies, lactoferin, colostrums, transitional, mature milk.
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To clarify the immune role of lactoferrin in mice mammary gland,half quantity RT-PCR was used to study the expression of lactoferrin mRNA in the mammary gland at different lactation stages of Kunming mice by taking the housekeeper gene GAPDH as a reference.The results showed that lactoferrin mRNA was expressed in mice mammary gland at different lactation stages.Lactoferrin mRNA expressive level decreased as the lactation progressed,its expressive level at early stage of lactation was significantly different from that at middle and later stage of lactation.The results suggested that lactoferrin was involved in the regulation of mammary immunity during the lactation of the tested mice.
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Abstract Objective Very low birth weight preterm infants are at risk for life-threatening infections in the NICU. Breast milk protects against infections but carries the risk of infection by cytomegalovirus (CMV) shed in mother's milk. Lactoferrin is a breast milk and saliva protein with potent neutralizing activity against CMV. Study Design VLBW, maternal breast milk fed infants in the NICU and their lactating mothers were enrolled and followed for 3 months/discharge. Breast milk and infant saliva samples were collected biweekly. Maternal CMV status was determined on breast milk. CMV was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and lactoferrin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results In an in vitro neutralization assay, the IC90 of purified human lactoferrin against CMV was 2.08 ng/mL. Bovine lactoferrins were more potent, IC90s > 10-fold higher. Lactoferrin was detected in all breast milk (median: 3.3 × 106 ng/mL) and saliva (median: 84.4 ng/swab) samples. Median CMV load in breast milk was 893 copies/mL. There was no correlation between breast milk lactoferrin concentration and CMV load. Five infants acquired postnatal CMV. There was no difference in saliva or breast milk lactoferrin concentration for mother–infant pairs and postnatal CMV acquisition. Conclusion Lactoferrin neutralizes CMV in vitro, but concentrations in breast milk and saliva are likely too low for effective neutralization in vivo.
Lactoferrin
Cytomegalovirus
Betaherpesvirinae
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Milk levels of iron, the iron-binding protein lactoferrin, percentage of iron in this protein have been estimated in 288 milk samples of normal lactating women. Milk iron concentrations varied within the first day and declined with time of lactation. Similar patterns of change were characteristic for lactoferrin which was highest in milk during the 1st month of lactation but steadily fell by the end of lactation. Iron percentage in lactoferrin remained low during one year of lactation, suggesting a bacteriostatic function of milk lactoferrin.
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Objective: To compare interleukine-10 (IL-10) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels after breast milk storage by studying premature and term mothers' colostrum and mature milk and by analyzing those levels relative to gestational week.Methods: Fifty-four colostrum and mature breast milk samples were collected from both premature and term mothers. The samples were divided into three groups based on the time of analysis: fresh milk, at +4 °C for 72 h, and at −20 °C for 14 d. The IL-10 and TAC levels were measured quantitatively.Results: Fresh colostrum and mature milk had similar IL-10 levels. Term mothers' fresh-colostrum TAC levels were higher than their mature milk. The mature milk of the premature mothers' had higher TAC levels than that of term mothers. Storage did not affect the IL-10 levels of breast milk, but fresh milk antioxidant capacity halved after 72 h and 14 d. Colostrum IL-10 and TAC levels did not correlate with gestational week. Mature milk IL-10 levels did not correlate with gestational week, but TAC levels negatively correlated with gestational week (r: −0.61: p < 0.01).Conclusions: The milk stored for 72 h at +4 °C and for 14 d at −20 °C did not maintain the same TAC levels as the fresh samples. This should be considered especially for sick infants who need more antioxidant capability in neonatal units.
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Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding protein from the transferrin family has been reported to have numerous functions. Even though Lf was first isolated from milk, it is also found in most exocrine secretions and in the secondary granules of neutrophils. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity reports on lactoferrin identified its significance in host defense against infection and extreme inflammation. Anticarcinogenic reports on lactoferrin make this protein even more valuable. This review is focused on the structural configuration of iron-containing and iron-free forms of lactoferrin obtained from different sources such as goat, camel and bovine. Apart for emphasizing on the specific beneficial properties of lactoferrin from each of these sources, the general antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and anticancer activities of lactoferrin are discussed here. Implementation of nanomedicinial strategies that enhance the bioactive function of lactoferrin are also discussed, along with information on lactoferrin in clinical trials.
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Among the immunologically important bioactive factors present in human milk, lactoferrin (Lf) has emerged as a key player with wide-ranging features that directly and indirectly protect the neonate against infection caused by a variety of pathogens. The concentration of Lf in human milk is lactation-stage related; colostrum contains more than 5 g/L, which then significantly decreases to 2-3 g/L in mature milk. The milk of mothers who are breastfeeding for more than one year is of a standard value, containing macronutrients in a composition similar to that of human milk at later stages. The aim of this study was to evaluate lactoferrin concentration in prolonged lactation from the first to the 48th month postpartum. Lactating women (n = 120) up to 48 months postpartum were recruited to the study. The mean value of lactoferrin concentration was the lowest in the group of 1-12 months of lactation (3.39 ± 1.43 g/L), significantly increasing in the 13-18 months group (5.55 ± 4.00 g/L; p < 0.006), and remaining at a comparable level in the groups of 19-24 month and over 24 months (5.02 ± 2.97 and 4.90 ± 3.18 g/L, respectively). The concentration of lactoferrin in mother's milk also showed a positive correlation with protein concentration over lactation from the first to the 48th month (r = 0.3374; p = 0.0002). Our results demonstrate the high immunology potential of human milk during prolonged lactation and that Lf concentration is close to the Lf concentration in colostrum. Evidence of stable or rising immunoprotein levels during prolonged lactation provides an argument for foregoing weaning; however, breastfeeding must be combined with solid foods meet the new requirements of a rapidly growing six-month or older baby.
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We describe a rapid, precise, and sensitive radiometric assay for human lactoferrin. In this typical "sandwich"-type assay, anti-human lactoferrin is adsorbed onto a polystyrene sphere and bound lactoferrin is detected by the subsequent binding of 125I-labeled anti-human lactoferrin. The assay is accurate for lactoferrin concentrations of 5 to 1500 micrograms/L and takes about 2.5 h to complete. The within-assay and interassay variations (CV) are 5% and 13%, respectively. Neither lysozyme nor heparin, substances that form complexes with lactoferrin, interfered with lactoferrin measurement by this method. The assay has been applied to the measurement of lactoferrin in polymorphonuclear leukocytes of both healthy adults and neonates. We found significantly (p less than 0.001) less lactoferrin in the latter, an abnormality that may be related to known functional deficits of polymorphonuclear leukocytes during the newborn period.
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