Genetics and the Future of Clinical Psychiatry
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Psychiatric genetics
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The Temperament (mizaj) theory is backbone of Unani system of medicine. This system categorizes individuals according to the temperament. Temperament indeed occupies a very important place in Unani system of medicine and forms the basis of pathology diagnosis and treatment in this medical system. The etidal or equilibrium of this distinct temperament i.e. maintenance of constant internal environment in different individuals leads to a healthy body i.e. normal body functions. Any derangement of temperament from etadal or imbalance of normal temperament results in su-e-mizaj which causes deranged body functions i.e. diseases. It becomes essential for a physician to start the treatment after determining his temperament so that the patient having specific mizaj can be treated according to his own mizaj. In this paper we have discussed the determinants of temperament as described in literature of Unani system of medicine.
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Part 1, The Functional Significance of Temperament. The Significance of Temperament. Goodness of Fit: Control and Mastery versus the Controlling Parent or Child. Parental Reactions to the Child's Temperament. Temperament in Infancy. Temperament in the Toddler Stage. Temperament in Middle Childhood. Temperament in Adolescence. Temperament in Adult Life. Part 2, Clinical Applications. Obtaining Data on Temperament in Clinical Practice. Prevention and Treatment ? General Considerations. Parent Guidance. Direct Treatment of Child and Adult. Part 3, Special Areas. Temperament and School Functioning. W.B. Carey, Temperament and Pediatric Practice. Temperament and Nursing Practice. Temperament and the Handicapped Child. Part 4, Overview. The Clinical Significance of Temperament. Appendix A: Temperamental Categories and Their Definitions. Appendix B: Consistence and Inconsistency of Temperament over Time.
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In recent years, many studies have shown that histone methylation plays an important role in maintaining the active and silent state of gene expression in human diseases. The Jumonji domain-containing protein D3 (JMJD3), specifically demethylate di- and trimethyl-lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me2/3), has been widely studied in immune diseases, infectious diseases, cancer, developmental diseases, and aging related diseases. We will focus on the recent advances of JMJD3 function in human diseases, and looks ahead to the future of JMJD3 gene research in this review.
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A critical evaluation of the quality of different versions of the draft human genome sequence has revealed discrepancies between experimental mapping results and data available online.
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Sequence (biology)
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Human genetics
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genomic medicine
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Activating mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) cause various skeletal dysplasias and are also associated with certain cancers.Because there are no known specific pharmaceutical inhibitors of FGFR3, we established a cell-based protein translocation assay system that can monitor FGFR3 activity and be used for high throughput screening of complex mixtures.With this system we identified ethanol extract from a plant as a FGFR3 inhibitor and performed bioassay-guided fractionation to identify potent active fractions.The functionality of extract and active fractions were validated in vitro in FGFR3-activated primary multiple myeloma cells.The therapeutic efficacy and safety of the active fractions were further assessed in FGFR3 ACH mice, an achondroplasia mouse model.Oral administration significantly improved growth and dwarfism-related clinical features of the FGFR3 ACH mice.Our results demonstrate the applicability of this discovery approach.The identified plant extracts and active factions hold therapeutic potential for the treatment of FGFR3-activated skeletal dysplasias and cancers.
Human genetics
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A series of 100 recorded interviews with human and medical geneticists has been carried out and some general results are reported here. Twenty countries across the world are represented, mostly European, with a particular emphasis on the United Kingdom. A priority was given to older workers, many of whom were key founders of human genetics in their own countries and areas of work, and over 20 of whom are now no longer living. The interviews also give valuable information on the previous generation of workers, as teachers and mentors of the interviewees, thus extending the coverage of human genetics back to the 1930s or even earlier. A number of prominent themes emerge from the interview series; notably the beginnings of human cytogenetics from the late 1950s, the development of medical genetics research and its clinical applications in the 1960s and 1970s, and more recently the beginnings and rapid growth of human molecular genetics. The interviews provide vivid personal portraits of those involved, and also show the effects of social and political issues, notably those arising from World War 2 and its aftermath, which affected not only the individuals involved but also broader developments in human genetics, such as research related to risks of irradiation. While this series has made a start in the oral history of this important field, extension and further development of the work is urgently needed to give a fuller picture of how human genetics has developed.
Human genetics
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Human biology
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A recent study on human structural variation indicates insufficiencies and errors in the human reference genome, GRCh38, and argues for the construction of a human pan-genome.
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