RuO2–TiO2 coated titanium anodes obtained by the sol–gel procedure and their electrochemical behaviour in the chlorine evolution reaction
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Thermal Stability
Aims: Chlorine demand by Listeria monocytogenes cells and inactivation of L. monocytogenes by chlorine (0·6–1·0 mg l−1) at different temperatures (4, 20 and 30°C) have been investigated in a batch reactor. Methods and Results: Chlorine demand depended on the microbial concentration and was independent on the initial chlorine concentration and temperature. Chlorine decay was modelled by the addition of two first-order decay equations. Inactivation of L. monocytogenes by chlorine depended on the initial microbial concentration, initial chlorine concentration and temperature. A mathematical model based on a biphasic inactivation properly described survival curves of L. monocytogenes and a tertiary model was developed that satisfactorily predicted the inactivation of L. monocytogenes by different concentrations of initial chlorine at different temperatures. Conclusions: Both available chlorine decay and inactivation of L. monocytogenes by chlorine were biphasic and can be modelled by a two-term exponential model. Significance and Impact of the Study: The biphasic nature of survival curves of L. monocytogenes did not reflect the effect of a change of available chlorine concentration during the treatment. The microbial inactivation was caused by successive reactions that occur after the consumption of the chlorine by the bacterial cell components.
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The inactivation effect of E.coli with different combination modes of UV and chlorine was compared.The result shows that the combination of UV and chlorine can improve the inactivation effect.However,different combination modes and different doses of UV and chlorine affect the inactivation effect.Simultaneous disinfection with UV and chlorine has lower effect than sequential disinfection.During disinfection with chlorine followed by UV,addition of high-concentration chlorine with short contact time has better disinfection efficiency.During disinfection with UV followed by chlorine,high chlorine dose has high inactivation rate.When the chlorine concentration is the same and the contact time is different,the difference of inactivation effect is not significant.
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The current study measured the available chlorine concentration in commercial and household chlorine bleaches (referred to here as "disinfectants") in the liquid and spray forms. The available chlorine concentration in commercial liquid disinfectants is regarded as 5%. However, the results indicated that the available chlorine concentration in commercial liquid disinfectants was 4.39-6.53%, thus the available chlorine concentration was lower than 5%. Household liquid disinfectants were purchased at different times. Liquid bleach that was purchased 1 month prior had an available chlorine concentration of 5% or higher, while liquid bleach that was purchased 6 months prior had an available chlorine concentration of less than 5%. Liquid bleach that was purchased more than 6 months prior had an available chlorine concentration of less than 5%. As time passed after the liquid bleach was purchased, the lower its available chlorine concentration. Commercial spray bleach had an available chlorine concentration of 2.02-3.08%.
Bleach
Disinfectant
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Abstract Ionic liquid (IL) lubricants are rapidly seeing increased use as either base lubricants or additives for a wide range of functionalities. This study considers the thermal stability of the ILs with the emphasis being their use as potential lubricants. The effect of IL chemistry, including anion chain length, cation chain length, anion type, and cation type, on their thermal stability is studied. The decomposition mechanism as a function of time and temperature is considered. Five ILs are studied by utilising both thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for the dynamic thermal decomposition and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) for the static thermal decomposition. For static thermal decomposition, both time and temperature are varied. The results show that the variation of IL chemistry directly influences their thermal stability. The increase of either cation or anion chain length decreases their thermal stability. Both anion and cation type have a significant influence on the thermal stability.
Thermogravimetric analysis
Thermal Stability
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Thermogravimetric analysis
Thermal Stability
Derivative (finance)
Atmospheric temperature range
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The mechanism and efficiency of chlorine removal by calcium in different atmospheres were investigated by means of thermogravimetry.The PVC was used as the chlorine emission source.The results indicated that PVC can be used as the chlorine emission surce.The efficiency of chlorine removal by Ca(OH)\-2 is the best in the three calcium compounds.The mechanism of chlorine removal by Ca(OH)\-2 is the same as by CaO.The chlorine removal mechanism in different atmospheres is individual.CaCl\-2 will be decomposed under high temperature.
Thermogravimetry
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Chlorine content,distribution and accumulation,yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were influenced remarkably by different amount of chlorine applied.Chlorine content and accumulation increased remarkably as increasing chlorine rate.There was a linear relationship between chlorine rate and chlorine content or accumulation.Chlorine distribution in upper leaves increased evidently as increasing the amount of applied chlorine from 0 kg/hm~2 to 48 kg/hm~2;and distribution in middle and lower leaves increased remarkably as increasing the amount of applied chlorine to 96 kg/hm~2;chlorine distribution in stem and roots had degressive trend as decreasing the amount of applied chlorine.Yield,quality and chemical composition were the best with 24 kg/hm~2 of chlorine applied;no chlorine applied or applied chlorine more than 24 kg/hm~2 had worse effects on yield and quality.
Curing of tobacco
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In this study, the thermal decomposition activation energy of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A(DGEBA)/4,4'-methylene dianiline (MDA) system toughened with glutaronitrile (GN) was calculated by thermal decomposition characteristics and their thermal stability was estimated.
Diglycidyl ether
Thermal Stability
Methylene
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In this study, the factors that leading to loss of chlorine residual in water distribution systems were investigated. A series of experiments performed on real water samples collected from effluent of water treatment plant before chlorination. The results showed that bulk chlorine decay rate varied significantly with the initial chlorine concentration and the organic content of water.Further, this paper explores the performance and the potential applicability of the parallel first order model and second order model to represent the bulk chlorine reactions. The modelling and simulation study lead to define the bulk chlorine coefficients as a function of initial chlorine concentration (Co) and COD by developing mathematical equations related to these parameters.
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