Rozwój i charakterystyka sieci Natura 2000 na Lubelszczyźnie / Developing of the network of Natura 2000 in the Lublin Region
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European Ecological Network Natura 2000 is a system of protection of threatened components of biodiversity in the EU. The legal basis for the creation of the Natura 2000 network is Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds (Birds Directive) and Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora (Habitats Directive). Natura 2000 sites are the youngest form of nature conservation in Poland. The author presents developing and geographical location of the Natura 2000 network in the Lublin Region. Against the background of Poland, the Lublin Region has the most – 123 – designated Natura 2000 sites: 100 habitat sites and 23 birds sites. These areas are extremely diverse in terms of location, area and character. Location of Natura 2000 in the Lublin Region is uneven. Their position refers in large part to a pre-existing network of the protected areas. Only 5 habitat sites and 23 bird sites designated in areas not covered so far areal forms of nature conservation. None of Lublin Natura 2000 areas has, as required by law, protection plans, for the eight habitat sites there are created conservation work plans. Also missing is good, kept up to map, the entire Natura 2000 network in Poland and the Lublin Region. The process of creating the Natura 2000 network in Poland is still ongoing. To meet the Natura 2000, its role of protection of species and habitat conservation plans are needed and their consistent implementation, taking into account the investment process and building public support for the existence and functioning of the newest forms of nature conservation in our country.Keywords:
Natura 2000
Habitats Directive
Ecological network
Directive
According to the Habitats Directive at European level there was constituted an ecological network entitled “Natura 2000” consisting of Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas. The “Natura 2000” is composed of sites which include natural habitats of community interest and community interest species habitats. The Special Areas of Conservation has been declared during two stages. During the first stage these were nominated as Sites of Community Importance. In the 6th North – Western Region there were identified 57 Sites of Community Importance (SCI) and 8 Special Protection Areas (SPA). Among the 6 counties of the 6th North – Western Region, the SCI are best represented in Maramureş county, and the SPA in Cluj county.
Natura 2000
Habitats Directive
Ecological network
Directive
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Throughout Europe, many coastal and estuarine areas have been designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) under the EU Habitats Directive (EU Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild flora and fauna). Together with sites designated as Special Protection Areas (SPA) under the EU Birds Directive (Council Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds), SACs form a Europe-wide network of protected sites known as the Natura 2000 network. Most major European ports now operate within or in the immediate vicinity of one or more such protected sites. Although the Habitats Directive came into force in 1992, the full implications of the Directive for port and navigation infrastructure developments have only become apparent over the last 3-5 years. Ports across Europe are having to modify, delay or reconsider development plans pending the resolution of a variety of issues relating to the requirements of the Directive, particularly where habitat mitigation or compensation measures are necessary. This paper describes the requirements of the Habitats Directive, explores the issues it raises and some of the implications, and provides examples of its consequences for major port and navigation infrastructure development in Europe.
Habitats Directive
Directive
Natura 2000
Port (circuit theory)
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The Natura 2000 network includes two types of areas: Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for birds (SPAs) and Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) for species other than birds, and for habitats. The main objective of the functioning of the Natura 2000 is to preserve certain types of natural habitats and species of plants and animals that are considered as a valuable and endangered species across Europe. In Poland, the Natura 2000 network, which is still developing, covers nearly one fifth of the land area. It consists of 845 areas very important to the European Union (areas of “habitat” – future special areas of conservation of habitats) and 145 special protection areas for birds. For each Natura 2000 area a panel of independent experts develop Standard Data Form (SDF), which contains the most important information about the location and size of the area, occurring types of natural habitats and species, their abundance or representative in the country and the natural values and threats. An integral part of the form is a digital map of the area (as a vector and raster). SDF and the borders of areas are often updated. The authors conducted a detailed assessment of the value Polish Protected areas Natura 2000 from the base, dated April 2012 (data for 961 areas). Two criteria were taken into consideration : 1) the population of the species in a given area, and 2) the representativeness of habitats. The first evaluate typicality of habitat for describing patterns of natural or semi-natural conditions in which habitat and their characteristic flora and fauna is developing, the second – the size of the population in a given area compared to the national population (the larger the share, the greater the need to designate the area protected). From 325 species 19 left as a priority species within 14 areas and from 80 habitats there were 16 priority habitats within 282 areas – the results meet the objectives of the adopted procedure.
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Habitats Directive
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Natura 2000
Habitats Directive
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The overall objective of the PEENHAB project to develop a methodology to identify spatially all major habitats in Europe. The Pan-European Ecological Network (PEEN) anticipates in the development of an indicative map of an ecological network for the whole of Europe. The design of such an indicative map requires information about the spatial distribution of habitats and species in Europe, as well as inside as outside protected areas. Therefore, the development of European habitat maps is a prerequisite for the further development of a pan-European ecological network. The habitat classes as given in Annex I of the Habitats Directive, better known as Natura 2000 habitats, are taken as the reference. On the basis of the Annex I habitat definitions knowledge rules were defined in a flexible manner using graphic models within a GIS environment to optimally combine existing spatial databases (such as land cover, soil data, topographic data and species distribution maps) to identify the spatial distribution of the major European habitats. At the same time a bottom-up approach is used in collaboration with the SynBioSys project. Currently, a module has been made to predict the Annex I habitats using the Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe. Both approaches were integrated within the present PEENHAB project.
Habitats Directive
Natura 2000
Ecological network
Land Cover
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The conservation of biodiversity in Europe is defined by Directive 92/43/EEC — commonly known as the Habitats Directive — relating to the conservation of natural habitats and of wild flora and fauna. This Directive established the creation of an ecological network of European protected areas — the Natura 2000 network — and also recognizes the need to manage these areas to maintain their "favorable conservation status." This paper proposes adapted criteria to use to assess conservation status of habitat types at the site level. The current conservation status of habitats was assessed by using the following criteria: (1) distribution area of habitats at site, (2) degree of conservation of the structure, (3) prospects for the future, and (4) restoration possibility. This methodology was applied in a Special Nature Reserve, "Zasavica," located by the Sava River in Serbia, and is intended to serve as a useful tool for a management planning process, because it can provide an assessment of the conservation status of each of the habitat types for which a site was designated. This will provide a scientific basis on which to establish recommendations for setting the management objectives and for the practical management of a designated site.
Natura 2000
Habitats Directive
Directive
Habitat conservation
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According to the Habitats Directive at European level there was constituted an ecological network entitled “Natura 2000” consisting of Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas. The “Natura 2000” is composed of sites which include natural habitats of community interest and community interest species habitats. The Special Areas of Conservation has been declared during two stages. During the first stage these were nominated as Sites of Community Importance. In the 6th North – Western Region there were identified 57 Sites of Community Importance (SCI) and 8 Special Protection Areas (SPA). Among the 6 counties of the 6th North – Western Region, the SCI are best represented in Maramureş county, and the SPA in Cluj county.
Natura 2000
Habitats Directive
Ecological network
Directive
European community
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The work discusses the operation of the “Natura 2000” European Ecological Network in aspects related to sustainable development, i.e. taking into account economic undertakings and planned business projects which conform to the idea of sound management of natural resources. The legal basis for the Natura 2000 network is the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC and the Birds Directive 79/409/EEC, which have been transposed into the Polish law, especially in the Act of 16 April 2004 on the protection of nature. Both environmental conservation directives seek to establish an ecological network of protected areas (so-called Natura 2000 sites) across Europe. In Poland, Natura 2000 comprises Special Protection Areas for birds (SPAs, or bird sites), Special Areas of Conservation (SACs, or habitat sites) and Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) (based on the Act on the protection of nature). Studies have demonstrated that Poland currently has a total of 141 SPAs with an area of 55,228 km2, which makes up 15.6% of Poland’s land area, and 364 SACs occupying 2.89 million ha, which represents 8.95% of the total area of Poland. The Natura 2000 European Ecological Network Programme supports the principle of sustainable development in the context of guidelines set out in Art. 6 (3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive (92/42/EEC) under which any plan or project which is likely to have a significant impact on a Natura 2000 site should be subject to appropriate assessment to determine how it affects the site. Environmental impact assessment is a preventative nature conservation tool which, based on thorough consideration of different implementation options of specific projects combined with public opinion research, helps eliminate solutions that fail to comply with the overriding principle of sustainable development.
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Habitats Directive
Ecological network
Directive
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This study defines and discusses a spatial planning approach, which can be integrated into conservation measures, regarding the sites of the Natura 2000 Network—established under the provisions of Directive No. 92/43/EEC (the “Habitats” Directive), and Directive No. 2009/147/EC (the “Birds” Directive)—into the regulations of marine protected areas. The protected marine area of the Island of Tavolara and Cape Coda Cavallo, located in North-Eastern Sardinia (which is overlapped by a Natura 2000 Site) is the spatial context for the implementation of the proposed methodology. The comprehensive outcome of this study, that is, the implementation of the proposed spatial planning approach into regulations regarding the previously mentioned protected marine areas, is particularly relevant for the scientific and technical debate on spatial planning. This debate is related to protection of nature and natural resources, since the issue of integration of the conservation measures related to Natura 200 Network, into regulations of protected areas, is an open question, which needs further consideration and insights.
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Habitats Directive
Directive
Marine protected area
Spatial Planning
Marine conservation
Marine Spatial Planning
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Since the beginning of the 1990s, monitoring of habitats has been a widespread tool to record and assess changes in habitat quality, for example due to land use change. Thus, Article 11 of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) requires, inter alia, monitoring of the conservation status of habitat types listed in Annex I of the Habitats Directive, carried out by the Member States of the European Union (EU). This monitoring provides the foundation for the National Reports on the measures implemented and their effectiveness (Art. 17 Habitats Directive), which Member States have to submit to the European Commission every six years. Based on these requirements, Member States have developed different monitoring programmes or have adapted previously existing monitoring schemes to include relevant aspects of the Habitats Directive. The parameter ‘structure and functions’ is a key parameter for the assessment of the conservation status of habitat types as it provides information on the quality of the habitats. A standardised questionnaire was developed and sent to the competent authorities of Member States to compare and analyse the assessment methods of the quality of habitat types. Responses were received from 13 of the 28 Member States, while it was possible to include another Member State in the analysis by evaluating appropriate literature. The analysis revealed very different approaches and progress amongst the Member States in the development and implementation of monitoring programmes tailored to the reporting obligations of Article 17 of the Habitats Directive. Some Member States established a special standardised monitoring programme for Article 11 of the Habitats Directive, while others used data from already existing programmes (e.g. habitat mapping, large-scale forest inventories, landscape monitoring). Most Member States responding to the questionnaire use monitoring based on samples but the data collection, sample sizes and level of statistical certainty differ considerably. The same applies to the aggregation of data and the methods for the assessment of the parameter ‘structure and functions’. In contrast to the assessment of conservation status as part of the reporting obligations according to Article 17 of the Habitats Directive, no standardised EU guidelines exist for monitoring. The present study discusses differences in the monitoring programmes and evaluates them with regard to the objectives of comparable assessments of conservation status of habitat types in the National Reports of Member States or at a biogeographical level.
Habitats Directive
Directive
Natura 2000
Habitat conservation
Member state
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