Inflammatory Siderosis of the Nervous System in Rats
2
Citation
0
Reference
10
Related Paper
Abstract:
Large intravenous doses of a relatively nontoxic iron polymaltose complex were taken up by liver and spleen and did not enter the central nervous system (CNS) of normal rats. When the injections were given during development of the inflammatory lesions of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), many iron-laden macrophages entered vessels, perivascular cuffs and neural parenchyma. Iron polymaltose injected before the EAE lesions started to develop, or during the healing phase, did not enter the lesions. This model of CNS siderosis may be useful for studies on long-term effects of iron and for neuroimaging by nuclear magnetic resonance.Keywords:
Superficial siderosis
Siderosis
Parenchyma
Encephalomyelitis
Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system results from chronic bleeding in the superficial layers of the cortex and spinal cord. In cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), there is amyloid deposition in meningeal and meningo-cortical arteries and capillaries, predisposing them to rupture. CAA is frequently associated with Alzheimer disease (AD).We report a series of 3 AD patients with MRI evidence of superficial siderosis. Two had neuropathological examination confirming superficial siderosis, AD, and CAA.Superficial siderosis should be recognized within the spectrum of AD with CAA and considered as a possible antemortem diagnostic feature.
Superficial siderosis
Siderosis
Cite
Citations (69)
Superficial siderosis is a rare radiologic diagnosis of hemosiderin deposition in subpial brain layers. In case studies, an association between superficial siderosis and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) has been described. Also, a potential role of superficial siderosis in Alzheimer disease (AD) was hypothesized. All previously reported cases of superficial siderosis were detected because of overt clinical symptoms. We studied the occurrence of superficial siderosis on brain MRI in a general population of nondemented elderly.In 1,062 persons (mean age 69.6 years) from the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study, we performed T2*-weighted MRI to assess the presence of superficial siderosis. Furthermore, the presence, number, and location of cerebral microbleeds were rated, as lobar microbleeds are thought to be indicative of CAA.We found that superficial siderosis was present in 7 (0.7%) individuals, all of whom had cerebral microbleeds in lobar locations. Furthermore, in all 7 persons, microbleeds were located in close vicinity to superficial siderosis.Our results provide further indirect support for the presumed link between superficial siderosis and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Whether superficial siderosis may be a marker for severity or worse prognosis of CAA needs to be further evaluated in longitudinal follow-up.
Superficial siderosis
Siderosis
Hemosiderin
Cite
Citations (114)
Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system is a sporadic finding in magnetic resonance imaging, resulting from recurrent bleedings into the subarachnoid space. This study aimed to determine the frequency of spinal dural cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks amongst patients with a symmetric infratentorial siderosis pattern.In all, 97,733 magnetic resonance images performed between 2007 and 2018 in our neurocenter were screened by a keyword search for "hemosiderosis" and "superficial siderosis." Siderosis patterns on brain imaging were classified according to a previously published algorithm. Potential causative intracranial bleeding events were also assessed. Patients with a symmetric infratentorial siderosis pattern but without causative intracranial bleeding events in history were prospectively evaluated for spinal pathologies.Forty-two patients with isolated supratentorial siderosis, 30 with symmetric infratentorial siderosis and 21 with limited (non-symmetric) infratentorial siderosis were identified. Amyloid angiopathy and subarachnoid hemorrhage were causes for isolated supratentorial siderosis. In all four patients with a symmetric infratentorial siderosis pattern but without a causative intracranial bleeding event in history, spinal dural abnormalities were detected. Dural leaks were searched for in patients with symmetric infratentorial siderosis and a history of intracranial bleeding event without known bleeding etiology, considering that spinal dural CSF leaks themselves may also cause intracranial hemorrhage, for example by inducing venous thrombosis due to low CSF pressure. Thereby, one additional spinal dural leak was detected.Persisting spinal dural CSF leaks can frequently be identified in patients with a symmetric infratentorial siderosis pattern. Diagnostic workup in these cases should include magnetic resonance imaging of the whole spine.
Superficial siderosis
Siderosis
Subarachnoid space
Hemosiderosis
Cite
Citations (10)
Superficial siderosis
Siderosis
Cite
Citations (31)
Abstract Background We present a case illustrating evolution of symptoms and brain magnetic resonance imaging in cortical superficial siderosis. Case presentation A 74-year-old man with no prior medical history presented with transient focal neurological episodes with subtle imaging changes. There was no evidence of cortical superficial siderosis. Two weeks later, the patient was readmitted with new episodes, and had developed cortical superficial siderosis adjacent to a cerebral microbleed. Transient focal neurological episode secondary to cortical superficial siderosis was diagnosed together with probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Conclusion Clinical symptoms may precede the development of cortical superficial siderosis prior to being detectable on brain MRI. This case highlights the temporal development of cortical superficial siderosis.
Superficial siderosis
Siderosis
Neuroradiology
Hemosiderosis
Cite
Citations (0)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:
Germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage is a common complication of prematurity. An underrecognized complication of germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage is superficial siderosis, and the clinical consequences of superficial siderosis are not well-known. We aimed to investigate the prevalence, anatomic distribution, and severity of superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis in premature infants with germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage using SWI.MATERIALS AND METHODS:
In this retrospective study, we included 88 patients across all grades of germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage who underwent MR imaging at term-equivalent age. Images were evaluated for the presence, distribution, and severity of superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis. The agreement among T1, T2, and SWI sequences was examined.RESULTS:
Seventy-two patients had brain stem superficial siderosis, and 79 patients had ependymal siderosis. The presence, extent, and severity of superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis were closely related to the grade of germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage and intraventricular hematoma volume. Brain stem superficial siderosis had a stronger correlation with intraventricular hemorrhage than with cerebellar hemorrhage. Compared with SWI, T1 and T2 sequences detected only small proportions of patients with superficial siderosis (12.5% and 6.9%, respectively).CONCLUSIONS:
The incidence of superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis is very high in preterm infants with germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage when assessed by SWI at term-equivalent age. The presence and extent of superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis are closely related to germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage grade and intraventricular hematoma volume. Additional prospective studies using SWI are needed to clearly determine the clinical consequences of germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage with superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis.Superficial siderosis
Siderosis
Germinal matrix
Cite
Citations (6)
Superficial siderosis
Siderosis
Cite
Citations (0)
Superficial siderosis
Neuroradiology
Siderosis
Cite
Citations (20)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:
Germinal matrix hemorrhage is a frequent complication of prematurity and can be associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcome, depending on its severity. In addition to parenchymal damage, intraventricular residues of hemorrhage and hydrocephalus MR imaging findings include superficial siderosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and location of superficial siderosis in patients with a history of germinal matrix hemorrhage.MATERIALS AND METHODS:
We retrospectively identified patients with a history of germinal matrix hemorrhage who underwent MR imaging in our institution between 2008 and 2016. Imaging was evaluated for the presence and location of superficial siderosis. The presence of subependymal siderosis and evidence of hydrocephalus were assessed.RESULTS:
Thirty-seven patients with a history of germinal matrix hemorrhage were included; 86.5% had preterm births. The mean age at the first MR imaging was 386 days (range 2–5140 days). The prevalence of superficial siderosis was 67.6%. Superficial siderosis was detected significantly more often when MR imaging was performed within the first year of life (82.8% versus 12.5%, P < .000). When present, superficial siderosis was located infratentorially in all cases, while additional supratentorial superficial siderosis was detectable in 27%.CONCLUSIONS:
Here we report that superficial siderosis is a common MR imaging finding in the first year of life of patients with a history of germinal matrix hemorrhage, but it dissolves and has a low prevalence thereafter. A prospective analysis of its initial severity and speed of dissolution during this first year might add to our understanding of the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental impairment after germinal matrix hemorrhages.Superficial siderosis
Siderosis
Germinal matrix
Cite
Citations (5)
Superficial siderosis
Siderosis
Etiology
Cite
Citations (1)