Performance of a gas radiator ring imaging Cherenkov detector using multi-anode photomultiplier tubes
M. ArtusoC. BoulahouacheS. BluskJ. ButtO. DorjkhaidavN. MenaaR. MountainH. MuramatsuR. NandakumarK. RandrianarivonyR. SiaT. SkwarnickiS. StoneJ. C. WangK. Zhang
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Cherenkov detector
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System for photomultiplier tubes characterization and data acquisition for water Cherenkov detectors
A water Cherenkov detector uses the emission of Cherenkov radiation for detecting the trace of secondary particles generated by extensive air shower cascades traversing a purified water tank. These are used for the detection of high energy gamma-rays. A fundamental component of the detectors consists of the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) used for detection of the Cherenkov radiation that is produced by very high energy particles moving faster than the speed of of light in the medium. INAOE, being one of the leading institutions of HAWC, decided to develop a system to characterize the PMTs that includes measurement of dark current, linear response region determination, response to a photoelectron and hence the gain. This characterization is indispensable when several PMTs operate in an array of water Cherenkov detectors. The system was further developed to simultaneously acquire data of several phototubes, allowing also to measure coincidences. Additionally, the VME scalers modules will be used to monitor up to 32 phototubes. This system has been used to characterize the PMTs of the LAGO experiment and can be used in the future for any type of PMT system.
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Many high-energy physic experiments use Cherenkov radiation as a detection method. Photomultiplier tubes are typically used to convert the radiation into an electrical signal. In this work, we present the development of a new device dedicated to the detection of Cherenkov radiation photons that could replace photomultiplier tubes in experiments that detect this radiation. C-Arapuca is the name given to this device, as it uses the concept of photon trapping in a box, already used in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, but now adapted for the detection of a range of energies of Cherenkov radiation photons. Calculations of efficiency, design, and performance of the C-Arapuca are described, highlighting its performance compared to photomultiplier tube in the detection of Cherenkov radiation. A shortpass dichroic filter with a cut-off wavelength at 400 nm was used in the C-Arapuca window, and the inner part of the box, covered with highly reflective material, contains a blue-emitting wavelength-shifting plastic slab and Hamamatsu silicon photomultipliers. In this study, a cylindrical tank containing 550 liters of ultrapure water was used, in which two C-Arapucas and a photomultiplier tube with a photocathode of 110 mm in diameter were installed. The useful area of the optical window of a C-Arapuca is 70.0 x 93.0 mm². Relativistic muons from local cosmic radiation passing through the water volume were used as a source of Cherenkov radiation detected by both the C-Arapucas and the photomultiplier tube, allowing for a relative comparison of the performance of the new device.
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The Cherenkov counter used for selecting electrons of the test beam has been studied in this article. The design, manufacture, assembly and testing of the Cherenkov counter are described. And the performance of this counter is measured. The CO2 gas is used as Cherenkov radiator, the XP2020Q photomultiplier is applied for recording signals of the Cherenkov light. The (99.0 +/- 0.5) % efficiency of the electron selection has been reached.
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The photon detection efficiency of two sets of R10560-100-20 superbialkali photomultiplier tubes from Hamamatsu were measured between 200 nm and 750 nm to quantify a possible degradation of the photocathode sensitivity after four years of operation in the cameras of the VERITAS Cherenkov telescopes. A sample of 20 photomultiplier tubes, which was removed from the telescopes was compared with a sample of 20 spare photomultiplier tubes, which had been kept in storage. It is found that the average photocathode sensitivity marginally increased below 300 nm and dropped by 10% to 30% above 500 nm. The average photocathode sensitivity folded with the Cherenkov spectrum emitted by particles in air showers, however, reveals a consistent detection yield of 18.9 ± 0.2% and 19.1 ± 0.2% for the sample removed from the telescope and the spare sample, respectively.
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Abstract Particles passing through a medium with a velocity larger than that of light in that medium emit electromagnetic radiation, called Cherenkov radiation. In this chapter the physical phenomenon and characteristic parameters of Cherenkov radiation, such as Cherenkov angle, spectrum and emission intensity, are introduced and the applications for particle detection and identification are discussed. It follows a presentation of the relevant detector types, such as threshold and differential Cherenkov detectors, ring imaging detectors (RICH and DIRC) as well as Cherenkov detectors in astroparticle experiments. The obtainable resolutions for particle identification via Cherenkov ring imaging and their limitations are discussed as well.
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The Jefferson Lab experiment E12-06-122 is an ongoing experiment that measures the contribution of quarks to neutron spin. An important part of this experiment is the Cherenkov detector, used to detect electrons scattered off a polarized 3He target. Cherenkov detectors make use of the phenomenon of Cherenkov light, produced when a particle moves faster than the speed of light in the medium through which it travels, to identify particles by velocity. The previous experiment used a Cherenkov detector that did not operate well in the high rate environment in which it operated. The purpose of this experiment is to design and test a prototype for a new Cherenkov detector that will work well in a high rate environment. This report gives an account of the design, setup, and early data analysis of this prototype detector.
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