Cognitive Patterns of Good and Poor Namers in Old Age
Shutaro NakaakiMasao NakanishiNakako FujiwaraHideki HamajimaHikaru NakamuraShin�ichi YoshidaJunko SatoHiroshi TatsumiKyoko FuruhashiToshi A. FurukawaLisa Tabor ConnorKimberly C. LindfieldMartin L. Albert
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Abstract:
Background: Word finding difficulties are common complaints among healthy elderly persons. Recently, both cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies have demonstrated a decline in naming ability, particularly in subjects 70 years old or over. It is unclear which cognitive mechanisms cause this reduction of lexical retrieval ability with advancing age. Methods: Based on their performance in the Picture Naming Test, normal elderly subjects, predominantly in their 70's were divided into two groups, namely, good and poor namers. The two groups did not differ significantly with respect to age, education, or Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) test score. We administrated a comprehensive neuropsychological battery involving a verbal and non‐verbal memory task, semantic memory task, and attention task. The performance in each test was compared between the two groups. Results: Significant differences between the two groups were demonstrated in only two tasks, the Trail Making Test (part B) and the Stroop Colored Word Test. Conclusion: Set‐switching and inhibitory processes in attentional control, as reflected on by the results in the Trail Making Test (part B) and the Stroop Colored Word Test, may contribute to lexical ability in normal aged people. There is little evidence that verbal and non‐verbal memory or semantic memory are associated with naming ability. Poor performance in naming tasks of elderly people may be attributable to their inability to suppress inappropriate responses.Keywords:
Stroop effect
Trail Making Test
Neuropsychological test
Association (psychology)
Background: A major problem in patients after cardiac surgery are cognitive decline. Aim of the study: 1. To determine cognitive functions in patients undergoing surgical myocardial revascularisation with extracorporeal circulation (CABG), and without (OPCAB). 2. To determine factors affecting cognitive functions in early postoperative period in analysed group of patients. Material and methods: The analysis encompassed 160 consecutive patients undergoing elective surgical myocardial revascularisation in 2010-2011. Neuropsychological assessment was carried out one day before and five days after surgery using: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), Verbal Fluency Test FAS (Controlled Word Association Test), Trail Making Test (TMT), Digit Span Subtest, and Digit Symbol Test – Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R PL). Results: One hundred three of 160 patients, of whom 64 (62.1%) underwent CABG and 39 (37.9%) OPCAB, were qualified for the analysis. After surgery there was a significant decrease in results of Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), Verbal Fluency Test (FAS), Digit Span Subtest and Digit Symbol Test in the group CABG and in results of AVLT after 30 minuts in group OPCAB. Multi-factor analysis revealed that an unstable disease course caused a decline in verbal skills, whilst surgery with extracorporeal circulation and carotid atherosclerosis had a negative, independent effect on visuomotor coordination and visuospatial operating memory. Conclusions: 1. In the group CABG cognitive decline regarded top-down attention, echoic memory, sensory procedural memory, recognition and immediate recall verbal symbols, verbal fluency, echoic and iconic learning ability, visual-mo
Verbal fluency test
Memory span
Trail Making Test
Wechsler Memory Scale
Echoic memory
Boston Naming Test
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Cognitive Decline
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Objective: Neurocognitive impairment is one of the most common systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) manifestations. However, its pathophysiology is still poorly understood. Vitamin D deficiency is a possible risk factor for cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between 25-dihydroxy(OH) D3 levels and cognitive performance in patients with SLE. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, case-control study that included 30 Egyptian patients diagnosed with SLE and 20 age, sex, and educational level-matched controls. Study participants were subjected to a battery of neuropsychological evaluation using the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT- II), Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), and Trail Making Test and evaluation of depression using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Serum levels of 25(OH) D3 were measured in the SLE group and control group. Results: The patients with SLE performed worse on total recall of verbal memory and executive function tests than the healthy controls. There was no significant difference between the patients and controls in Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). There was a significant negative correlation between vitamin D levels and executive function assessed by Trail Making Test (r=-0.399, p=0.03). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency could have a significant impact on cognitive performance in patients with SLE.
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This study investigated differences in Trail Making Test performance as a function of over-all level of neuropsychological impairment in a sample of elderly patients diagnosed as having various dementing diseases. Patients were classified as mildly, moderately, or severely impaired ( ns = 19, 25, 26) based on the seven measures used to compute the Impairment Index of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery. The mean ages for the mildly, moderately, and severely impaired groups were 67.72, 71.56, and 71.16 yr., respectively. Using level of impairment as the grouping variable, subjects were compared on the mean number of seconds required to complete Trail Making Test A, B, and A + B. Three one-way analyses of variance indicated significant differences for Parts A, B, and A + B. As over-all level of impairment increased, time required to complete the Trail Making Test increased. Results are discussed and directions for further research are recommended.
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Objective: To explore the impairment of cognitive function in ketamine dependent subjects.Methods: Digit Symbol Test,Trail Making Test and The Stroop Color-Word Test were used to measure the impairment of cognitive function in ketamine dependent subjects.Results: Compared with healthy controls,ketamine dependent subjects had significant lower scores in Digit Symbol Test and the Stroop Color-Word Test,but no difference in Trail Making Test.Conclusion: The findings suggest that ketamine dependent subjects have cognitive deficits.
Stroop effect
Trail Making Test
Cognitive inhibition
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Seroconversion
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Trail Making Test
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Stroop effect
Trail Making Test
Verbal fluency test
Neuropsychological test
Frontal lobe
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Previous studies have reported that decreased cognitive ability has been consistently associated with significant declines in performance of one or both tasks under a dual-task walking condition. This study examined the relationship between specific cognitive abilities and the dual-task costs (DTCs) of spatio-temporal gait parameters in stroke patients. The spatio-temporal gait parameters were measured among 30 stroke patients while walking with and without a cognitive task (Stroop Word-Color Task) at the study participant's preferred walking speed. Cognitive abilities were measured using Computerized Neuropsychological Testing. Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to quantify the associations between the neuropsychological measures and the DTCs in the spatio-temporal gait parameters. Moderate to strong correlations were found between the Auditory Continuous Performance test (ACPT) and the DTCs of the Single Support Time of Non-paretic (r=.37), the Trail Making A (TMA) test and the DTCs of Velocity (r=.71), TMA test and the DTCs of the Step Length of Paretic (r=.37), TMA test and the DTCs of the Step Length Non-paretic (r=.36), the Trail Making B (TMB) test and the DTCs of Velocity (r=.70), the Stroop Word-Color test and the DTCs of Velocity (r=-.40), Visual-span Backward (V-span B) test and the DTCs of Velocity (r=-.41), V-span B test and the DTCs of the Double Support Time of Non-paretic (r=.38), Digit-span Forward test and the DTCs of the Step Time of Non-paretic (r=-.39), and Digit-span Backward test and the DTCs of the Single Support Time of Paretic (r=.36). Especially TMA test and TMB test were found to be more strongly correlated to the DTCs of gait velocity than the other correlations. Understanding these cognitive features will provide guidance for identifying dual- task walking ability.
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In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of chronic cigarette smoking on the cognitive function in people who have no other mental or physical illness other than tobacco use disorder.The study was carried out on three groups: smokers (n = 71), former smokers (n = 39), and non-smokers (n = 49). The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop Color and Word Test (ST), Trail Making Test (TMT), Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), and Serial Digit Learning Test (SDLT) were applied to the 3 groups participating in the study. Groups were compared with the Three-Factor Covariance Analysis.Stroop test 4th card time score which determined the basic level of color discourse in the smoker group was significantly higher than the non-smoker group. The Trail Making Test-B time scores were significantly higher in the smoker group than the non-smoker group. And Trail Making Test-B time points were significantly higher in the former smoker group than nonsmoker group. Auditory Verbal Learning Test - verbal learning scores were lower in the smoker group than the non-smoker and former smoker group. There was no significant difference in verbal learning scores between the non-smoking and former smoker groups. The neurocognitive deficits in smokers appear to be related to dose and duration.This study suggests that auditory verbal memory, visualspatial processing, and attention areas may be a selective area of disability in smokers. A major limitation is the fact that general cognitive performance levels of participants was not assessed by a general criteria such as Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).
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Objective:To explore the profile of neuropsychological function and mood status of Chinese HIV/AIDS subjects.Methods:We recruited 28 HIV+and 23 HIV-subjects who were matched in gender,age and education.Our current neuropsychological test battery consisted ol 8 individual test measures,each assigned to 1 of 7 ability areas thought to be especially vulnerable to effects of HIV on the brain(i.e.,verbal fluency, abstraction/executive function,speed of information processing,attention/working memory,learning,delayed recall, and motor).The Beck Depression Inventory(BDI)also was employed.Results:HIV+subjects were significantly worse than HIV-subjects on raw scores for 5 of the 18 individual cognitive test measures(Category fluency,Sound fluency,Trails A,Color Trails-Ⅱ,and HVLT Total Leaming)(P005).Demographically corrected T-scores based upon U.S.norms also showed a significant group difference on summary measures covering the total test battery (P0.05)as well as the Verbal(P0.05),Abstraction/Executive Function (P.05)and Learning(P.05)domains.It is interesting to note that the mean T-scores of the Chinese HIV- groups are close to the U.S.normative mean of 50 (i.e., Global of 48,and domains ranging from 46-51).Our Chinese HIV+group demonstrated considerably more depressed mood than their H1V- controls(P0.001).However,similar to what has been reported for US samples of HIV/AIDS,BDI total score was not strongly related to global neuropsychological functioning(r=0.22,N.S.). Conclusions:First,the neuropsychological test battery that was chosen and adapted for use in this study appears to have reasonable cross-cultural equivalence.Second,Chinese HIV+subjects performed significantly worse than HIV- controls in the total test battery,as well as in Verbal,Abstraction/Executive Function and Learning domains.And finally,the emotional response is very serious in Chinese HIV+subjects,but depression does not significantly influence neurocognitive impairment associated with HIV infection.
Verbal fluency test
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Trail Making Test
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OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data on the Stroop Test across 11 countries in Latin America, with country-specific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where appropriate. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,977 healthy adults who were recruite
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