Effects of Sampling Artifacts on Occupational Samples of Diesel Particulate Matter
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Abstract:
Total carbon (TC) is sometimes used to measure or characterize diesel particulate matter (DPM) in occupational settings such as underground mines. DPM samples are collected on quartz fiber filters. When using quartz fiber filters, adsorption of gas phase organic carbon (OC) has been reported, causing a positive bias in the particulate TC results (adsorption artifact). Most of the data on the sampling artifacts and corrections applyto environmental air sampling, where samples are collected at a much higher filter face velocity and the OC concentrations are generally much lower relative to occupational sampling. In this study, we investigated the effects of adsorption artifact on samples from occupational settings. Samples were collected with and without denuders to determine the amount of gas phase OC collected and the accuracy of certain corrections. In underground stone mines, the adsorption artifact was found to positively bias the particulate TC by greater than 20% for filter loadings below 25 microg/cm2 TC (8-h time weighted average = 262 microg/m3). The tandem filter correction reduced the effect of the artifact, as high as 60% of the TC value, to less than 11% for laboratory data. It also significantly reduced the effect of the artifact obtained for field samples.Keywords:
Artifact (error)
Filtration (mathematics)
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Methods of regeneration of diesel particulate are discussed and the operation of diesel additives in particulate regeneration is analyzed. A diesel particulate purification device is designed by using diesel additives. How factors, such as the ratio of additives to fuel, the temperature of engine exhaust and the structure of the particulate filter, influence particulate regeneration is described through an experiment. This experiment shows that this diesel particulate purification device is effective in regenerating diesel particulate.
Diesel exhaust fluid
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Catalytic Oxidation
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Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) is regenerated in particulate matter (PM) oxidation reaction when PM was loaded. In this report, it makes a study regarding basic calculation method of kinetics parameters using the oxidation reaction process of PM that was simulated by laboratory experiments with synthetic gases. Additionally, it reports on the results of examining the relation between temperature and time when a DPF is regenerating, using kinetic parameters.ディーゼルエンジンから排出される粒子状物質はＤＰＦで捕集後に酸化除去される。本件では、粒子状物質の酸化反応過程をモデルガス試験で再現し、酸化に関わる速度論パラメータの導出方法について基礎的な検討を行った。さらに、導出したパラメータからＤＰＦ再生時の温度と時間の関係についても検討した結果を報告する。
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In this study the oxidation of particulate matter (PM) retained in a catalyzed particulate filter (CPF) is investigated to understand the kinetics of PM oxidation. Seven passive oxidation and four active regeneration experiments were performed on a Cummins ISB 2013 280 hp engine and the production aftertreatment system adapted to a lab setup, in order to study the NO2 assisted and thermal oxidation of the PM retained in the CPF. The CPF was loaded with PM produced by the engine and the PM was then oxidized in the CPF under various Passive Oxidation (PO) and Active Regeneration (AR) conditions.
Diesel exhaust fluid
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Research on the PM filtration efficiency of a fuel borne catalyst regenerative type diesel particulate filter(FBC-DPF) is conducted,and the effectiveness of fuel borne catalyst(FBC) in a CA6DL1-28 diesel engine is studied.The back-pressure of DPF increases linearly along with accumulation of the particulate matter(PM).Addition of a fe-based fuel borne catalyst in diesel fuel can lower the temperature for soot combustion,and increase the storing capacity of the DPF and have regeneration ability.For the fresh DPF,operation for 19.5 h in certain condition leads to 10 kPa backpressure when using the diesel fuel,while using the FBC-added diesel fuel can extend to the period of 23.5 h.Regeneration time is largely shortened by using FBC-added diesel fuel at the exhaust temperature of 530 ℃ comparing with that of diesel fuel.After 500 h operation,it takes 18.5 h to get the backpressure of 15 kPa with diesel fuel and 23 h with FBC-added diesel fuel.Evaluating by ESC 13 procedures,the trapping efficiency of DPF in PM is over 80%,and PM emission is 0.017 g/(kW·h).No adverse impact on CO,HC,NOx emissions was observed with the DPF.
Diesel exhaust fluid
Winter diesel fuel
Filtration (mathematics)
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A 1-D 2-layer model developed previously at MTU was used in this research to predict the pressure drop, filtration characteristics and various properties of the particulate filter and the particulate deposit layer. The model was calibrated and validated for this CPF with data obtained from steady state experiments conducted using a 1995 Cummins M11-330E heavy-duty diesel engine with manual EGR and using ULSF. The CPF used is a NGK filter having a cordierite substrate with NEX catalyst type formulation (54% porosity, 15.0 μm mean pore diameter and 50 gms/ft 3 Pt). The filter was catalyzed using a wash coat process. The model was used to predict the pressure drop, particulate mass retained inside the CPF, particulate mass filtration efficiency and concentration downstream of the CPF with agreement between the experimental and simulated data. The model was also used to predict the clean substrate permeability, packing density of the particulate deposited inside the substrate, permeability and packing density of the particulate layer deposited on the substrate, activation energies and frequency factors for the thermal and catalytic oxidation path and the thickness of the particulate layer I, which is in contact with the catalyst. In addition, the model also predicted the velocities in the inlet channel, outlet channel and through the wall, variation of particulate layer thickness with axial distance and time along with the particle number distribution downstream of the CPF.
Filtration (mathematics)
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The paper has carried out numerical simulation and experimental study on the pressure loss of filter. Based on pressure loss model of filter, research methods of particulate accumulated characteristics has proposed according to the exhaust flow, exhaust temperature and exhaust back pressure. Meanwhile, the model is important for the online calculation of accumulated particulate matters in the filters and failure monitoring of diesel particulate filter.
Back pressure
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