Expression of Ghrelin and its Receptor in Human Tissues
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Ghrelin is a peptide thought to be involved in the regulation of appetite. Furthermore, significant effects on the release of growth hormone (GH) and ACTH were demonstrated. Contributing to the physiological relevance of this hormone, we investigated the expression of ghrelin and its receptor (GHS-R) in several normal human tissues. RNA samples (BD Biosciences) underwent one-step TaqMan Real-Time RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded tissues using specific primary antibodies against ghrelin and its receptor. Relevant ghrelin mRNA levels were detected in all human tissues with the highest levels in stomach, pituitary, and small intestine. By immunohistochemistry, ghrelin peptide expression was detectable in reproductive and endocrine organs (ovary, anterior pituitary, adrenal gland), and organs of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, pancreas). GHS-R1a mRNA expression was demonstrated in 10 of 24 human organs analyzed with the highest levels in pituitary, adrenal gland, and spinal cord. Expression of the receptor peptide was detected by immunohistochemistry in endocrine and reproductive organs (anterior pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, testis), parts of the CNS (cerebrum, cerebellum), and in single cells of bone marrow. Expression of both ghrelin and its receptor in endocrine and reproductive organs may indicate new endocrine or paracrine mechanisms of regulation in these tissues.Keywords:
Enteroendocrine cell
Endocrine gland
Growth hormone–releasing hormone
Corticotropic cell
Endocrine gland
Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor
Thyrotropic cell
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Endocrine gland
Neuroendocrinology
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The anterior pituitary is a complex gland which controls the various peripheral endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal cortex, ovary and testis) as well as essential functions as growth, reproduction and lactation. Its physiological role is of paramount importance and its pathology multiple, including functional dysregulations and diseases caused by lesions or tumors, in particular pituitary adenomas. Recent data show that, in addition to the classical control of anterior pituitary hormones by hypothalamic neuropeptides and by peripheral hormones, local controls of the paracrine or autocrine type exist. Although these new findings seem to increase the complexity of anterior pituirary control, they might, in the future, shed further light on the physiopathology of this gland.
Neuroendocrinology
Endocrine gland
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Enteroendocrine cell
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The anterior pituitary, also known as adenohypophysis, is one of the two lobes of the pituitary gland located in the sella turcica and controlled by the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary secretes a number of peptide and glycoprotein hormones that regulate various cellular processes including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and response to stress or trauma. By acting directly on their respective target cells or by stimulating other endocrine organs to release hormones, anterior pituitary regulates various aspects of body function. It is important to emphasize that the majority are produced in a pulsatile fashion and dependant on the releasing hormone generators.
Neuroendocrinology
Corticotropic cell
Thyrotropic cell
Endocrine gland
Hypothalamic Hormones
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Common endocrine tumours in dogs and cats include tumours of the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland and endocrine pancreas. This chapter covers thyroid gland tumours; parathyroid gland tumours; pituitary gland tumours; hyperadrenocorticism; other adrenal gland tumours; endocrine cancers of the pancreas.
Parathyroid gland
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We present the results obtained in the adrenal gland of white rats (average weight 220 g) following irradiation of the pineal gland with laser light. Irradiation was carried out with a 5 mW Politec 750 Helium-Neon laser. Total irradiation time was 5 min, with rest intervals of 1 min for every minute of irradiation. Pineal gland irradiation was done under "open sky", i.e., directly at the gland. The effects of the suprarenal gland were studied 3, 7 and 10 d postirradiation. Morphological signs of an increasing activity have been observed in all layers of the cortex and in the medulla of the gland. The highest increase was found 7 d after irradiation in the fascicular zone and in the medulla, and after 3 d in the glomerular and reticular zone. We suggest that laser light induces an inhibitory effect observed at the suprarenal gland. This effect is similar to that found following pinealectomy, showing once again that the pineal gland exerts control on the suprarenal gland, mediated by luminous stimuli.
Pinealectomy
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Medulla
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