Deregulation and Japan's industry: The case of the petroleum industry
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Currently, most of Japan's regulated industries are in a bottleneck situation characterized by the combination of on‐going deregulation with no progress being witnessed in the series of radical reform. In trying to break away from this botdeneck situation neither calling off the on‐going deregulation, Policy A, nor continuing to endorse the common assumption that ‘it is sufficient if a semblance of deregulation is achieved,’ Policy B, is desirable. Policy A ignores the aspect of industrial regulation causing the industry's fragility, the mutually amplifying effect while Policy B makes light of the aspect of industry fragility conversely generating government involvement.Keywords:
Deregulation
Industrial Policy
AIR CARGO SHIPPER SURVEY (CONDUCTED IN 1980) ON RATE PROBLEMS, SHIPMENT INCREASEDECREASE BY TYPE OF SERVICE (COURIER PACK, SMALL PACKAGE EXPRESS, AIR FREIGHT) AND MARKET CARRIER SELECTION
Deregulation
Air cargo
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China's telecommunication industry has always been a major bottleneck hindering its economic development. In the new wave of information revolution and with the imminent WTO deal, the telecommunication industry is undergoing a rapid deregulation process. In this paper, we build an economic model of China's electronic commerce markets, and discuss the possible directions for its expansion. In particular, we are interested in the impacts of this deregulation process on the welfare of the consumers, the firms and on the new roles of the government.
Deregulation
Economic welfare
Economic model
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Deregulation
Cabinet (room)
Industrial Policy
Social Partnership
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It has been proved to be effctive to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in export though cluster.Small and medium-sized enterprises cluster has five big advantages: small and medium-sized enterprises cluster may greatly reduce the cost of products;it may form the competitive advantage in marketing through the uniform external sales promotion;it can enhance innovation ability of the enterprises;it is helpful to solve the bottleneck restricts of small and medium-sized enterprises in fund short because it is easier to attract the external investment;small and medium-sized enterprises cluster is advantageous to obtain the support of the government and is beneficial to the formation of export service system.
Promotion (chess)
Investment
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Introduction In many countries, irrespective of their regimes or stages of development, the policies of governments in the 1980s dramatically shifted in favour of market-based solutions as opposed to the previous dominant Keynesian approach to economic management. Their policies focused on improving public sector performance by several forms of commercialization, such as deregulation and privatization (Ferner 1988). Thus, the privatization of public enterprises has become a key strategy in governments' market-oriented approaches. Basically, the privatization programmes have been designed to reduce the size and scope of the public sector and strengthen the market. Turkey, like most other countries followed the privatisation (ozellestirme) trend. The sell-off philosophy has been a central pillar of governments economic policy since 1984, even if the results so far have been sometimes less than convincing. Here, the Turkish experience with privatization, and more importantly, its impact on trade unions will be examined. State Economic Enterprises (SEEs) and the Privatization Process in Turkey In the 1930s, the etatist period of the country, State Economic Enterprises (SEEs) provided the initial impetus for industrialisation in Turkey. In the post-war period while SEEs continued to play a central or modified role in industrialisation, they also helped the development of private business, particularly through providing subsidized inputs to the private sector, a process facilitated by extensive price deregulation(1). As a result of the structural adjustment programme in 1980, government shifted its economic policy from the import substitution strategy to export-oriented growth. The general thrust of the strategy was to rely on market forces and reduce the scope for state intervention especially in economic activities. The SEEs were viewed as one of the causes of economic crises in the 1970s. The underlying problems of the SEEs, often stressed by the governments, were as follows: low productivity and efficiency; decline in the growth and profits of organisations which in turn created financial problems for government budgets; uncompetitiveness in their market shares and the absence of autonomy and managerial incentives. The latter may be due to frequent interference from politicians and bureaucrats and a considerable increase in militancy in public sector unions, particularly in the late 1970s. In addition, labour hoarding was regarded as another problem of the public sector because public sector employment in Turkey was expanded, mostly due to political concern with generating support for the government in power. After returning to a democratic regime, the pressures and proposals in favour of privatisation of the SEEs were intensified by the Ozal conservative government. Hence, privatization appeared one of the most significant parts of the policy agenda of the government for the first time in 1984. For the government, privatisation would offer a way to make the economy more responsive to the market, so increasing industrial efficiency and generating real growth. It would also be a tool to increase the liquidity of the capital markets, to reduce budget outlays to industry and provide a flow of badly needed revenues to the exchequer. Two main strategies seemed crucial during the privatisation process. First, the government identified the key state companies, TURISAN (a tourism chain), THY (the Turkish National Airlines), and USAS (an airline catering company) which were given the priority to be privatised. Controversially, all these companies were very profitable and productive. This was somewhat against the government's thinking that through privatization these companies would become more productive and efficient. Second, the government also identified the major candidates (or customers) as ideal buyers for privatisation. Foreign investors rather than domestic ones were chosen as the principal candidates for taking over the companies. …
Deregulation
Industrialisation
Industrial Policy
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Successive governments in Nigeria since 1999 have faced the challenge of whether or not to adopt deregulation policy in the downstream sector of the petroleum industry. In fact, the decision of whether or not to adopt deregulation policy as a panacea for remedying the perennial fuel scarcity and arbitrary price increases in petroleum products has been an albatross around successive governments in Nigeria. This paper interrogates the political economy of deregulation policy in the downstream sector of the petroleum industry in Nigeria since the enthronement of democratic rule in 1999, hence contends that the subsidy regime of successive governments has not addressed the perennial scarcity and arbitrary price increases of petroleum products in the country. The paper maintains that the fuel subsidy regime has been an epitome of corruption as it has failed to address the original intentions of its founding fathers. It is the view of this paper, therefore, that a complete deregulation policy in the downstream sector that will ensure government?s outright removal of fuel subsidy, remains the only antidote to addressing the perennial scarcity and arbitrary price increases of petroleum products by ambitious petroleum marketers in Nigeria. It is by so doing that market forces shall become the major determinants of the prices and distribution of petroleum products for the teeming consumers in Nigeria. The paper concludes that savings that would accrue from fuel subsidy removal could be channelled into addressing the ailing infrastructure and human capital in the country.
Deregulation
Scarcity
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Successive governments in Nigeria since 1999 have faced the challenge of whether or not to adopt deregulation policy in the downstream sector of the petroleum industry.In fact, the decision of whether or not to adopt deregulation policy as a panacea for remedying the perennial fuel scarcity and arbitrary price increases in petroleum products has been an albatross around successive governments in Nigeria.This paper interrogates the political economy of deregulation policy in the downstream sector of the petroleum industry in Nigeria since the enthronement of democratic rule in 1999, hence contends that the subsidy regime of successive governments has not addressed the perennial scarcity and arbitrary price increases of petroleum products in the country.The paper maintains that the fuel subsidy regime has been an epitome of corruption as it has failed to address the original intentions of its founding fathers.It is the view of this paper, therefore, that a complete deregulation policy in the downstream sector that will ensure government's outright removal of fuel subsidy, remains the only antidote to addressing the perennial scarcity and arbitrary price increases of petroleum products by ambitious petroleum marketers in Nigeria.It is by so doing that market forces shall become the major determinants of the prices and distribution of petroleum products for the teeming consumers in Nigeria.The paper concludes that savings that would accrue from fuel subsidy removal could be channelled into addressing the ailing infrastructure and human capital in the country.
Deregulation
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The problem of medium-and small-sized Enterprises is not only a world-wide problem,but also one which requires long-term studies.Based on symbiotic business theory and analysis of development of medium-and small-sized enterprises in China,it is not hard to find that the difficultly on financing,lack of innovative abilities,developing slowly,lack of technology and products with their own intellectual property rights,as well as lack of overall management level is still bottleneck which restricts development of enterprises.Through studying and analyzing characteristics and useful experiences of Japanese enterprise-vitalizing policy is submitted countermeasures and suggestions on development of China's medium-and small-sized enterprises.
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China's telecommunication industry has always been a major bottleneck hindering its economic development. In the new wave of information revolution and with the imminent WTO deal, the telecommunication industry is undergoing a rapid deregulation process. In this paper, we build an economic model of China's electronic commerce markets, and discuss the possible directions for its expansion. In particular, we are interested in the impacts of this deregulation process on the welfare of the consumers, the firms and on the new roles of the government.
Deregulation
Economic welfare
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