Target nucleus excitation dependence of correlation in the multiple production on nuclei at 400 GeV and the additive quark model
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This paper presents a comparison of the data on the target nucleus excitation dependence of two-particle rapidity correlations among relativistic particles in hadron–nucleus interactions at 400 GeV/c with the additive quark model (AQM) for multiple production of particles off nuclei. The number of grey tracks (n g ) has been taken as the parameter characterizing the degree of excitation. The dependence has been found to agree quantitatively with the predictions of the AQM.Keywords:
Particle (ecology)
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Abstract The interplay between spectator and participant matter in heavy-ion collisions is investigated within the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics (IQMD) model in terms of the rapidity distribution of light charged particles. The effect of different types and sizes of rapidity distributions is studied in elliptical flow. The elliptical-flow patterns show the important role of nearby spectator matter on the participant zone. This role is further explained on the basis of the passing time of the spectator and the expansion time of the participant zone. The transition from in-plane to out-of-plane emission is observed only when the mid-rapidity region is included into the rapidity bin. Otherwise no transition occurs. The transition energy is found to be highly sensitive to the size of the rapidity bin, while it is only weakly dependent on the type of the rapidity distribution. These theoretical findings are found to be in agreement with experimental results.
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Dominance (genetics)
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The relation between event rapidity gap fluctuation and rapidity correlations is derived. It is shown that the new and interesting parts included in rapidity gap analysis are the generalized two-particle rapidity-correlation moments. The physical meanings of these moments for specific two particles and moment orders are clarified.
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In order to get a more realistic description of the hadron spectrum we extend a constituent-quark model by explicit mesonic degrees of freedom. The resulting system of constituent (anti)quarks, which are subject to an instantaneous confining force, and mesons, which couple directly to the quarks, is treated by means of a relativistic coupled-channel framework. It can be formally shown that the mass-eigenvalue problem for such a system is equivalent to a hadronic eigenvalue problem in which the eigenstates of the pure confinement potential (bare hadrons) are coupled via meson loops. Following this kind of approach we have calculated hadron masses and decay widths for a simple toy model.
Constituent quark
Exotic hadron
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This paper presents a detailed study of the rapidity gaps and the rapidity correlations among the relativistic particles produced in proton-nucleus interaction in emulsion at 400 GeV/c. The study includes (a) cumulative rapidity-gap distribution and hence the cluster characteristics, (b) distribution of shower width (rapidity), (c) distribution of maximum rapidity gap, and (d) two-particle rapidity correlation. The experimental data have been compared with a Monte Carlo simulation assuming an independent-emission model. The target-nucleus dependence of correlation has also been studied.
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In asymmetric heavy ion collisions like dA or pA, particle production yields are different in the forward (d- or p-side) and backward (A-side) rapidity directions. The rapidity distribution reflects the geometry and phase-space distribution of nuclear matter. These properties may depend on the time evolution of the collision. Due to the smallness of the backward-forward differences, the rapidity asymmetry factor can be useful to quantify nuclear modification effects, like e.g. shadowing and the EMC effect. Our work is a survey of the nuclear modification factor and the rapidity asymmetries at RHIC energies. We analyze the rapidity dependence and the strength of the nuclear effects. We focus on the high transverse momentum region, and make predictions for the role of nuclear modifications and rapidity asymmetries for future experimental measurements at increasing absolute values of rapidity.
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Coupling constant
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Masses of the lowest lying hadrons and the behavior of constituent quarks are discussed on the analysis of their electromagnetic properties, based on QCD. We find that light quarks (u and d) in the hadrons move with the velocity ≃0.8c; s quark, with ≲0.7c; c quark, with nearly 0.3c. Then we know that the confinement force, no matter what kind of confinement one prefers, does not mainly contribute to the hadron masses. It is also conjectured that |νe-e|/|u-d|≃|νµ-µ|/|c-s|≃|ντ-τ|/|t-b| and mt≃23GeV on the assumption of the existence of the next layer.
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