Pharmacodynamics of cyclosporine
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Cyclosporine has revolutionized solid organ transplantation. This single drug has allowed for the long-term survival that transplant recipients may now expect. The immunosuppressant possesses many complex mechanisms of action, but very few of them have been well defined. Studies of the pharmacodynamics of cyclosporine have engendered much debate. Key areas of discussion center on cyclosporine's effect at the point of initiation of the immune response, on changes at the cell surface and subcellular level, and on the role of the T helper cell. The exact mechanisms of action of cyclosporine continue to be defined.Keywords:
Pharmacodynamics
This article is an attempt made by the author to discuss the various aspects of transplantation of human organ and its legal features. Human organ and tissue transplantation was started in India in 1962. Earlier, the human organ transplant was unfettered, and human organ trafficking was rampant in the society. The parliament of India first drafted The Transplantation of Human Organ Act governing the transplantation which was passed in 1994. This act has been subsequently amended in 2011, and new rules came into force in 2014. This research paper discusses the significant mechanism of the act and spotlights on what all medical practitioners involved in transplant should know about the legal aspects of transplantation.
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In their book Spare Parts, published in 1992, Fox and Swazey criticized various aspects of organ transplantation, including the routinization of the procedure, ignorance regarding its inherent uncertainties, and the ethos of transplant professionals. Using this work as a frame of reference, we analyzed articles on organ transplantation published in internal medicine and transplantation journals between 1995 and 2008 to see whether Fox and Swazey's critiques of organ transplantation were still relevant.
Philosophy of medicine
Economic shortage
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Organ Transplantation and Replacement, edited by G. James Cerilli, is the first major comprehensive textbook on the art and science of organ transplantation in more than 15 years that has been sponsored and edited in the United States. Najarian and Simmons' now classicTransplantation, published in 1972, followed a period of tremendous growth in the immunology and art of transplantation. A new explosion of knowledge in the 1980s has made that classic work obsolete. This new text is thus a very timely and much needed work with primarily American contributors giving us their latest data and experiences in multiple organ transplantation, with additional information on the use of artificial organs in replacement therapy. While remaining quite prophetic, the editor himself surprisingly states that "Kidney transplantation therapy is still palliative" while maintaining that the "era of the biologic manipulation of the human recipient is just begining." He believes that mechanical organ
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Transplantation immunology is the basis of modern organ transplantation.The history of organ transplantation demonstrated that the progress of basic research of transplantation immunology played critical role in the success of clinical organ transplantation.Based on the discovery of microchimerism of long-surviving organ recipients,Early of 1990's Starzl proposed his “Two-way paradigm” of graft rejection,reflecting the rule and characters of the graft rejection in the condition of immunosuppress-based clinical organ transplantation.The proposal of Two-way paradigm is an important theoretical progress in the history of transplantation immunology,which will greatly impulse the advance on the induction of transplantation tolerance in clinic.
Microchimerism
Graft rejection
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Pharmacodynamics
ED50
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Objective:This study was designed to characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high dose epirubicin in cancer patients Methods:Eleven cancer patients were administered a dose of 100 mg/m 2 epirubicin The concentration of epirubicin in the blood were determined by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)assay The modelling data were performed with a compartment pharmacokinetic modelling program (PCNONLIN) Hematological toxicity was used as the pharmacodynamic index The relationships between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and other factors affecting dose modulation were assessed Results: The pharmacokinetics of high dose epirubicin was best described by a typical three compartment model It showed wide interindividual variation There was no correlation between its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Age was negatively correlated with epirubicin clearance Conclusions: There was no difference for the pharmacokinetic parameters between high dose and low dose Total clearance appears to be decreased with age and indicating that it is necessiary to reduce dose for the elderly patients Tolerance of the patients receiving a dose of 100 mg/m 2 epirubicin was good
Epirubicin
Pharmacodynamics
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Immunosuppression
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Scrutiny
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Abstract There are around 10.000 people in Poland who have undergone an organ transplantation at some point in their lives. This procedure allowed those people to enjoy regained health and successfully return to normal life, with the previously assigned roles at work, in their family and in society. Despite the advances in transplantation, a half of the people waiting for this form of treatment would die, since there are no organs to be transplanted. This state of affairs is caused by the low awareness among the Polish society. Polish people have very low confidence in this treatment method. They lack a basic understanding of the essential medical and legal procedures defining the organization of organ transplantation. Health educators should address concerns that emerge in society and to present a positive image of transplantation, as a science saving people’s lives. Educating young people about organ transplantation, since their earliest days at school, provides a chance to shape a positive attitude towards the issues of organ transplantation. This article attempts to answer the following questions: what is health education, organ transplantation, and what are the goals of the health education programs promoting organ transplantation?
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