The adsorption behaviour of long-chain N-alkyl betaines and their hydrobromides
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염료감응형 태양전지의 상용화에 가장 큰 문제점으로 지적되는 요소는 기존의 p-n junction 태양전지 대비 낮은 광전변환 효율과 소자의 장기 안정성이라 할 수 있다. 염료감응형 태양전지의 광전변환 효율을 증진시키기 위하여 신규 광감응제 개발 및 장파장 광흡수 염료 개발 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 이와 더불어, 염료의 회합에 따른 electron injection efficiency의 감소와 전자 재결합에 의한 electron correction efficiency 감소가 소자의 광전변환 효율에 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 일반적으로 염료분자는 넓은 π 평면을 가지고 있어 회합특성이 강하고, 광전극주위에서 회합되는 경우, 전자주입 특성이 현저히 감소하게 된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 두 개 이상의 염료를 long alkyl chain으로 연결함으로써 염료분자의 회합특성을 선천적으로 방지하고자 하였다. long alkyl chain의 길이를 변화시켜 광전극상에서 염료분자간의 평균거리를 조절하였으며, 이에 따른 광전변환효율을 검토하였다. 본 연구 에서는 electron life time 및 electron diffusion length 측정을 통하여 연결기로 사용된 long alkyl chain이 광전극 표면을 보호하는 효과를 확인하였다. 광전극 표면이 long alkyl chain에 의하여 보호되므로 electron life time이 증가하게 되고, 이에 따라 광전변환효율이 상승함을 확인하였다.
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Some transport properties of imidazolium-based short alkyl chain length dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) ([Cn(mim)2][NTf2]2), including shear viscosity, diffusion coefficient, and electrical conductivity, have been measured and analyzed as a function of temperature and alkyl chain length. Also, the dependence of viscosity on shear rate has been investigated. The small intercepts of plots of shear stress versus shear rate and also the small variations of the viscosity values with changing shear rate show that the studied DILs are moderately non-Newtonian fluids. Temperature dependence of the viscosity of these ILs shows non-Arrhenius behavior which can be fitted well using four well-known equations, namely, power law, Litovitz, Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT), and Ghatee et al. equations. The activation thermodynamic parameters of these DILs were calculated. The positive values of Gibbs free energy of activation show that the slip of two layers of the fluid is a nonspontaneous process. DOSY NMR spectroscopy was used to measure the diffusion coefficients of the ionic species in these DIL systems. Also, the other parameters such as hydrodynamic radii and transport numbers of anions and cations and dissociation and association degrees of IL molecules were calculated from the diffusion coefficient and viscosity data. We measured the electrical conductivity of these ILs at different temperatures. The ionicity of these DILs which was evaluated using the Walden plot diagnostic showed that these fluids are "subionic". With the help of the m-fragility parameter, we measured the fragility of these fluids and indicated that these DILs are in the intermediate to fragile range. Also, we showed a correlation between the m-fragility and the ionicity of these ILs.
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Reaction of copper(II) salts with n-alkylsulfonate anions yields light blue lamellar Cu(C(n)H(2n + 1)SO3)2 x zH2O displaying distinct (mono/bi-layer) chain packing with increasing alkyl chain lengths. This may be attributed to the amphiphilic nature of the surfactants, i.e., the hydrophilic sulfonate head groups, mediating the coordination, and H-bonding interactions, and the hydrophobic alkyl chains.
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Methylene
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Homologous series
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The syntheses of three single-chain, alkyl-branched bolalipids—using a Grignard bis-coupling reaction as a key step—and first investigations of the lyotropic behaviour of these lipids are reported.
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A study has been made of the extraction of a number of Ions from sulphate solution, using the tertiary alkyl amine tri-isooctyl amine, and the secondary alkyl amines, amine 9D-178 and di(tridecyl P) amine, in various diluents. The purpose of this work was to investigate the use of these amines as an analytical tool in the separation and determination of thorium and the rare earths. Extraction coefficients have been determined for uranium, thorium and a number of other ions, using amine 9D-178 in Varsol, and a comparison has been made of the effect of various diluents on uranium and thorium extraction. Extraction coefficients were also- determined for uranium, thorium, zirconium and the rare earths with tri-isooctyl amine in Varsol, and for thorium, titanium and the rare earths with di(tridecyl P) amine in Varsol and carbon tetrachloride. The effect of pH and high sulphate content on extraction of various ions with tri-isooctyl amine and di(tridecyl P) amine was determined.
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The alkyl chain length in trioctylalkylammonium bis(salicylato)borate ionic liquids plays an important role in controlling the viscosity, friction and wear characteristics.
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
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Abstract The selenides (I) are oxidized with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of benzeneseleninic acid to give the selenones (II).
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