Characteristics of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in Australian football
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The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury of the knee is a common ski injury. At a typical ski area clinic in Wyoming, an average of one per day is diagnosed over the 120-day ski season. Other ski clinics report a similar incidence of ACL injuries. In view of the 570 registered ski slopes in the United States, the ACL injuries occur at epidemic proportions. Under consideration are causal factors involved in the typical skier's ACL injury, such as recent evolutions in skiing techniques, boot styles, the skier's environment, and the anatomic considerations relating to body mechanics that place the ACL in a position of compromise in the intercondylar notch. Clear identification of the mechanism of ski injury of the ACL is difficult. As the significant causative factors become identified, and with the stimulation of further interest and research, there is some promise for prevention in the future.
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Female athletes are 2 to 10 times more likely to injure their anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL) than male athletes. There has been greater recognition of this gender discrepancy because female participation in competitive athletics has increased. Previous investigators have divided risk factors into hormonal, neuromuscular response, and anatomic subgroups. Gender variation within these groups may help explain the higher incidence of ACL injury in women. The purpose of this article is to review research examining female-specific anatomy that may predispose women to ACL injury. Specifically, we discuss how women may have increased tibial and meniscal slopes, narrower femoral notches, and smaller ACL, which may place the ACL at risk from injury. These anatomic factors, combined with other female-specific risk factors, may help physicians and researchers better understand why women appear to be more prone to ACL injury.
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With the participation of women in athletics growing rapidly over the last two decades, a disturbing gender-specific pre-disposition has emerged regarding anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries of the knee. Female athletes have a two- to eightfold higher incidence of ACL injury than their male counterparts. It is estimated that 38,000 women sustain ACL tears per year. The majority of ACL injuries in female athletes occur through noncontact mechanisms, most often during deceleration activities, such as landing from a jump or cutting. The risk factors for noncontact ACL injuries can be categorized as intrinsic (anatomic and hormonal) and extrinsic (environmental and biomechanical). This article will discuss these risk factors that are thought to contribute to the higher incidence of ACL injuries in women, the development of prevention strategies, and the outcomes of ACL reconstruction in women.
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본 연구는 여자 운동선수의 ACL 손상에 관한 많은 과학적 연구들이 발표되었고, 여자 운동선수의 높은 ACL 손상을 일으키는 많은 위험요인이 보고되었지만 ACL 손상을 가장 잘 예측할 수 있는 위험인자는 아직까지 불명확하다고 할 수 있다. 여러 선행연구들을 분석하여 고찰해 본 결과 여자 운동선수의 비접촉성 ACL 손상은 단일한 요인보다는 여러 가지 요인이 복합되어 나타나는 것이다.
또한 심각한 슬관절 손상은 잘 계획된 훈련 프로그램에 의해 발생율을 감소시킬 수 있다. 방향전환, 무릎을 편채 착지, 갑작스런 멈춤(one-step stop)과 같은 활동을 변형함으로써 ACL 손상율을 감소시킬 수 있다. ACL 손상 예방 프로그램은 고유 감각 수용기, 플라이오메트릭(plyometric), 근력강화 훈련, 점핑, 멈추기(stopping) 그리고 방향전환(turning)기술의 개선을 포함하여야 한다. 각 종목별 부상의 원인과 기전 분석하여 부상 방지를 위한 훈련 프로그램이 개발되어 적용되어 진다면 여자 운동선수의 비접촉성 ACL 손상의 발생을 줄이고 예방할 수 있을 것이다.
또한 심각한 슬관절 손상은 잘 계획된 훈련 프로그램에 의해 발생율을 감소시킬 수 있다. 방향전환, 무릎을 편채 착지, 갑작스런 멈춤(one-step stop)과 같은 활동을 변형함으로써 ACL 손상율을 감소시킬 수 있다. ACL 손상 예방 프로그램은 고유 감각 수용기, 플라이오메트릭(plyometric), 근력강화 훈련, 점핑, 멈추기(stopping) 그리고 방향전환(turning)기술의 개선을 포함하여야 한다. 각 종목별 부상의 원인과 기전 분석하여 부상 방지를 위한 훈련 프로그램이 개발되어 적용되어 진다면 여자 운동선수의 비접촉성 ACL 손상의 발생을 줄이고 예방할 수 있을 것이다.
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ABOUT 80,000 to 250,000 anterior cruciate
ligament (ACL) injuries of the knee occur
annually, with many of these injuries affecting
individuals between the ages of 15-25
years. 1 The majority of ACL injuries are noncontact
in nature, 2,3 with landing and plant-and-
cut maneuvers being the most common
activities associated with it. 4 Females participating in sports that involve jump landing
and plant-and-cut type activities have a risk
level that is 3-8 times greater than that for
males during similar activities. 3,4 Anatomical, hormonal, neuromuscular, and biomechanical differences have been suggested to be the major factors that explain this injury bias. 1,5,6
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