An investigation of fatigue phenomenon in the upper limb muscle due to short duration pulses in an FES system
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Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is a method of artificially stimulating muscles or nerves in order to result in contraction or relaxation of muscles. Many studies have shown that FES system has helped patients to live a better lives especially those who are suffering from physical mobility. Unfortunately, one of the main limitations of an FES system besides of its high cost is largely due to muscle fatigue. Muscle fatigue will affect the training duration which could delay patients' recovery rate. In this paper, we analyzed the occurrence of this fatigue phenomenon in terms of stimulator parameters such as amplitude, frequency, pulse width and pulse shape. The objective of this investigation is to identify other key features of the FES system parameters in order to prolong the training duration among patients. The experiment has been done on a healthy person for the duration of one minute and later the muscles response will be observed. Resultant muscle response is recorded as force using force resistive sensor. The experimental results show muscles will get fatigue at a different rate as the frequency increases. The experiment also shows that the duty cycle is reciprocal to the resultant force.Keywords:
Functional electrical stimulation
Muscle Fatigue
Pulse duration
Resistive touchscreen
Leg muscle
Muscular system
Duty cycle
Muscular and Skeleton systems are the key elements for strength, support and locomotion of human system.Shank, a part of the human leg, not only supports body weight but provide locomotion at the time of walking and running.This part may be considered as an assembly of several mechanical springs, mass and damping elements.The mode of vibration and stability will depend upon the spring stiffness, damping coefficient and their arrangements in muscular and skeletal system.The modeling and analysis of this system has assumed that there are four stages of growth to tackle stability.The first stage (0-1 years) is formation stage where the bone forms from the cartilage to gain stiffness and damping.The second stage (1-20 years) when the system is getting stabilized and considered more stable, because of balance between stiffness and damping of the muscles and bone.The value for damping starts decreasing in the third stage (20 to 65 years) leaving stiffness alone to stand the locomotion at later years.The fourth stage (65 to 90 + years) relates to old age, in which both the damping coefficient and stiffness start deteriorating, causing considerable instability.The stability analysis is carried out with the mean values taken in these four stages to show how the system changed from one stage to another.A linear model is considered for simple analysis that shows that stiffness rate increases and damping decreases with the increasing age.This often takes place after the second stage.The Simulation Program with integrated Circuit Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Examples (SPICE) is used for discussion of these results.
Leg muscle
Muscular system
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It is well established that unstable footwear with a rounded sole design has the potential to alter lower limb muscle activity during standing and walking activities. Thus, the main objective of this study was to compare lower leg muscles fatigue rates between stable and also unstable footwear during prolonged standing. This study was conducted in Urmia, northwest Iran (2015) and participants included ten young healthy male. During 2 h of continuous standing with two footwear conditions (stable and unstable shoes), surface electromyographic (EMG) data of bilateral tibialis anterior (TA) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles were continuously recorded. The probability of muscle fatigue was identified through recording simultaneous increase in the EMG amplitude and shift in the EMG frequency spectrum towards lower frequencies. According to analysis of EMG recordings, standing with stable shoe yielded significantly higher rates of muscle fatigue for bilateral MG muscles (p < 0.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed for the fatigue rates of TA muscles between two footwear conditions. However, none of monitored muscles were indicated fatigue during standing with unstable shoe. The results suggested that unstable footwear, compared to stable one, is more efficient to prevent the occurrence of muscle fatigue which seems to be advantageous for the musculoskeletal system. Therefore, unstable footwear can be recruited as an ergonomic intervention for individuals who stand for prolonged periods.
Muscle Fatigue
Leg muscle
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This paper examines whether muscle fatigue by functional electrical stimulation (FES) can be estimated from changes in skin impedance. FES is a system that moves a human body by electrical stimulation. Muscle fatigue reduces muscle exerted force, and may cause accidents such as rehabilitation with FES. However, practical researches that can estimate muscle fatigue have not been reported. Therefore, this study focuses on relationship between muscle electrical properties and muscle fatigue or muscle exerted force by FES. Finally, experimental results show that skin impedance and muscle fatigue are uncorrelated.
Functional electrical stimulation
Muscle Fatigue
Electrical muscle stimulation
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A model-based Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) would be very helpful for the adaptive movement synthesis of spinal-cord-injured patients. The nonlinearity of the neuromuscular system can be captured through modeling and identification process. However, there are still critical limitations in FES: rapid muscle fatigue and time-varying property. In actual FES, in order to minimize the fatigue, the intermittent stimulation is adopted. In this case, fatigue and recovery occur in sequence. Thus, the time-varying muscle response is really difficult to be predicted for FES force control. In this paper, we propose an identification method to identify unknown internal states and the maximal force parameter which are inside the nonlinear differential equation. Among the internal parameters of muscle model, maximal force Fm should be mainly changed corresponding to the current muscle condition. Muscle fatigue or recovery itself is difficult to be modeled and predicted, however observing the input-output information from the muscle, the adaptive estimation will be achieved to correspond to the varying muscle response effected by a fatigue or unknown metabolic factor of human system. This identification method itself can be expected to be applied for general use in rehabilitation robotics.
Functional electrical stimulation
Muscle Fatigue
Identification
Rehabilitation robotics
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Ultrasound-based state assessment of the human muscle during rehabilitation and its integration into a hybrid exoskeleton comprising an functional electrical stimulation (FES) system and a powered orthosis are emerging research areas. This article presents results from the first experimental demonstration of a hybrid knee exoskeleton that uses ultrasound-derived muscle state feedback to coordinate electrical motors and FES. A significant contribution of the article is to integrate a real-time ultrasound image acquisition and processing framework into a recently derived switching-based feedback control of the hybrid knee exoskeleton. As a result, the contractility response of the quadriceps muscle to the FES input can be monitored in vivo in real-time and estimate FES-induced muscle fatigue changes in the muscle. The switched controller's decision-making process can then use the estimated muscle fatigue to compensate or replace the FES-stimulated muscle power with an electrical motor, thus avoiding extensive stimulation of the fatigued muscle. The experimental results suggest a potential application in the rehabilitation of neurological disorders like spinal cord injuries and stroke.
Functional electrical stimulation
Muscle Fatigue
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Muscle contractions of upper limbs induced by functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a widely used rehabilitation method for stroke patients. However, FES tends to result in rapid muscle fatigue, which greatly limits activities such as FES-assisted rehabilitation exercises. In order to minimize the effect of muscle fatigue, an intelligent Muscle Fatigue Status (MFS) and an Function Impairment Level (FIL) controlled micro-stimulator are proposed. The stimulation parameters of the FES are updated according to the FIL of stroke patients initially. During the break of stimulation, mean frequency (MNF) and median frequency (MDF) are exacted from an electromyography (EMG) signal, which is directly detected from the stimulated muscle of stroke patients. The MFS that can be generated from MNF and MDF is used to control the operation mode of micro-stimulator. This implantable micro-stimulator will be designed and fabricated using system on chip technology.
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Muscle Fatigue
Stroke
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A musculotendon model of the quadriceps muscle of the activated leg of a paraplegic patient incorporating fatigue was developed. The right quadriceps of a paraplegic patient who was engaged in a functional electrical stimulation (FES) training program was used for the measurements. The muscle studied was considered trained, both relating to strength and fatigue resistance. Extended stimulation was applied with an adjustable electrical stimulator, providing monophasic rectangular pulse trains with a frequency of 20 Hz, pulse width of 0.2 ms, and an intensity of up to 220 mA. The intensity used corresponded to the intensity required for the tested patient to stand up. This intensity was selected to deliberately encourage fatigue, and the result was a gradual and steady decay of the muscle force due to fatigue. The model was able to predict the decaying force during continuous electrical stimulation, as well as to indicate the muscle parameters which yield the best fit between the model prediction and the previously obtained experimental force profiles.< >
Functional electrical stimulation
Muscle Fatigue
Tension (geology)
Quadriceps muscle
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Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has grown to be an effective and important element in the biomedical industry over the years. Due to this fact, it has become the basis of many researches. However, much work is focused on the theory and control technique with very few relating experiments. In this work, some key experiments were performed on the leg muscles during the leg movement. Some useful results were obtained with regards to muscle reaction, in terms EMG readings. The stimulus of the FES system was also applied to the muscles during the leg movement. The readings of experiments reveal some important muscle properties which are verified accordingly.
Functional electrical stimulation
Leg muscle
Functional movement
Movement control
Stimulus (psychology)
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For individuals that suffer from paraplegia activities of daily life are greatly inhibited. With over 5,000 new cases of paraplegia each year in the United States alone there is a clear need to develop technologies to restore lower extremity function to these individuals. One method that has shown promise for restoring functional movement to paralyzed limbs is the use of functional electrical stimulation (FES), which is the application of electrical stimulation to produce a muscle contraction and create a functional movement. This technique has been shown to be able to restore numerous motor functions in persons with disability; however, the application of the electrical stimulation can cause rapid muscle fatigue, limiting the duration that these devices may be used. As an alternative some research has developed fully actuated orthoses to restore motor function via electric motors. These devices have been shown to be capable of achieving greater walking durations than FES systems; however, these systems can be significantly larger and heavier. To develop smaller and more efficient systems some research has explored hybrid neuroprostheses that use both FES and electric motors. However, these hybrid systems present new research challenges.
In this dissertation novel control methods to compensate/inhibit muscle fatigue in neuroprosthetic and hybrid neuroprosthetic devices are developed. Some of these methods seek to compensate for the effects of fatigue by using fatigue dynamics in the control development or by minimizing the amount of stimulation used to produce a desired movement. Other control methods presented here seek to inhibit the effects of muscle fatigue by adding an electric motor as additional actuation. These control methods use either switching or cooperative control of FES and an electric motor to achieve longer durations of use than systems that strictly use FES. Finally, the necessity for the continued study of hybrid gait restoration systems is facilitated through simulations of walking with a hybrid neuroprosthesis. The results of these simulations demonstrate the potential for hybrid neuroprosthesis gait restoration devices to be more efficient and achieve greater walking durations than systems that use strictly FES or strictly electric motors.
Functional electrical stimulation
Muscle Fatigue
Limiting
Functional movement
Neuroprosthetics
Paraplegia
Motor Control
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