Variation by race in presenting clinical and biologic features of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: Implications for treatment outcome
David K. KalwinskyGaston K. RiveraGary V. DahlPaula K. RobersonStephen L. GeorgeSharon B. MurphyJoseph V. Simone
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This article argues that although the US has made significant gains in race relations, race still plays a major if not decisive role in who is elected president. Examining how the major candidates in the 1992 presidential election manipulated and exploited race and race-based issues to gain or not to lose votes, the paper posits that race relations and concomitant problems could improve if the racial dialogue is elevated to a new politically palatable discourse.
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Objective:To explore the possibility of secondary neoplasia following long term combined chemotherapy.Methods:Sister chromatid exchanges(SCE)were investigated in 44 patients with adult leukemia.Rusults:Frequencies of SCE in patients with de novo leukemia,relapsed leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia(CML)were significant higher than health controls.The five patients(5/16)with complete remission showed higher SCE frequencies,those were mainly the patients received more than nine courses of combined chemotherapeutic regimens received more than nine courses of combined chemotherapeutic regimens.Conclusion:The patients with de novo leukemia,relapsed leukemia and CML have DNA damage in diagnosis,long term combined chemotherapy may cause the DNA instability in partial patients.
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Margaret Sankey's critical edition of the Abbé Paulmier's Mémoires touchant l'établissement d'une mission chrestienne dans le troisième monde.Autrement appelé, La Terre Australe, Meridionale, Antartique, & Inconnuë (Paris: Champion, 2006).The Abbé Paulmier claimed to be a descendant of Esomericq, a native brought back to France by Gonneville. 2 Jacques Lévêque de Pontharouart has gone so far as to argue that the Abbé Paulmier made up the entire story of the voyage in order to further his own career in the Church.See his
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Opposing the denial of race differences and the claim that they do not matter anyway, Michael Levin explains why these differences do matter. He summarizes what has been written about the differences in intelligence and temperament, and, more important, explores their larger significance. Finding significant genetic difference between races, Levin unflinchingly considers the broad social and philosophical implications of these variations. No one making an effort to think clearly about race can ignore Why Race Matters.
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This essay presents four ways of thinking about race. They consist of four related but distinct race concepts: the racialist concept of race, which is the traditional, pernicious, essentialist, and hierarchical concept of race; the concept of socialrace, which is the antiracist concept of race as a social construction; the minimalist concept of race, which is the deflationary concept of biological race that represents race as a matter of color, shape and geographical ancestry; and the populationist concept of race, the race concept that represents races as populations, deriving from geographically separated and reproductive isolated founding populations. Taken together, the four concepts can help us better navigate our way through the murky conceptual domain of “race.”
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본고는 B.C.4000년~B.C.2400년경 동북아에서 만개한 상고문화를 ‘맥족-배달국-선도문화’로 바라보는 시각으로써 한민족의 기원을 ‘[맥족(환웅족 + 웅족)] + 예족(호족) → 한민족(예맥족·새밝족·맥족)’으로 정리한 연구이다. 1980년대 이후 동북아 고고학의 발달로 한국사의 진정한 출발점이 되는 배달국사가 복원되면서 한국인의 종족적 문화적 정체성을 분명히 할 수 있게 되었다. 그 방향은 대체로 아래와 같이 정리될 수 있다. 첫째, 한민족(예맥족)의 성립기는 배달국이며 배달국문화의 요체인 선도제천문화로 인해 토템족에서 천손족으로의 정체성 전환이 있었다. 전기 신석기 웅족·호족은 토템족 단계에 머물렀지만, 후기 신석기·금석 병용기 배달국 개창을 계기로 환웅족과 웅족·호족의 결합으로 한민족(예맥족·새밝족·맥족)이 형성되었고 새로운 형태의 ‘선도제천문화’가 민족문화의 요체가 되면서 한민족은 토템족에서 천손족으로 변모되었다. 둘째, 배달국시기 정립된 한민족의 선도제천문화는 주변 지역으로 널리 전파, 주변민족까지 천손족으로 변모시켰다. 배달국 이후 단군조선 시기에 이르기까기 한민족의 선도제천문화와 천손사상은 중원지역으로 전파, 중국문명을 개도하였을 뿐아니라 북방제족을 매개로 동·서·남아시아를 넘어 유라시아 일대로 전파되었다. 배달국 선도제천문화와 천손사상은 인류문화의 발전 방향에 대한 깊은 이해와 통찰을 제시함으로써 민족문화의 차원을 넘어 인류문화의 발전에 크게 기여하였다.
Race and health
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Race Unmasked: Biology and Race in Twentieth Century By Michael Yudell (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2014) (274 pages; $40.00 cloth)In Race Unmasked: Biology and Race in Twentieth Century, historian Mike Yudell analyzes race concept and role that scientists have played in c ontributing to idea of race over twentieth century. He explores assumptions of racial science, defined as the use of science, both by scientists and laypersons alike ... as part of a greater arsenal of oppression (p. 115). Using primary sources of books, research studies, and other writings by prominent eugenicists, geneticists, and evolutionary biologists, he argues that racial rooted in biological notions of difference did not die out after World War II and, in fact, has persisted into twenty-first century. As well, has played a critical role in formulations of ideas about race and America's changing views of African Americans. Although people have tried to use to justify racial difference, science they used was no more real than saying that race is real. Science was only real to extent that scientists said it was so.Yudell traces idea of race back to eighteenth century when Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus established racial classification systems based on biological traits such as skin color or hair texture. His categories of Asiaticus, Africanus, Europeaeus, and Americanus were infused with distinct physical and behavioral characteristics. Yudell's primary interest is twentieth century, however, and his first chapters explore thinking of eugenicists such as Francis Galton and Charles Davenport. Galton examined hereditary traits both within and between humans, and he had a significant impact on formation of race as a biological concept. Supported by his Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Davenport applied Galton's eugenic doctrines to immigration policies and Black/White differences. By rooting human differences and perceived inferiorities in blood relationships, these eugenicists used scientific method to preserve White supremacy.Significantly, Yudell contextualizes this early twentieth-century work within push to formulate new immigration policies and activities of anti-Black groups such as Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in 1920s. Eugenicist Lothrop Stoddard, for example, actually advised KKK, while other eugenicists disseminated their ideas that were used to enforce segregation for some and exclusion for others based on inferior traits. Ideas about racial difference also were put on public display through American Museum of Natural History meeting in 1921. Models, diagrams, and research presentations in 131 exhibits asserted subtle but distinct differences between Blacks and Whites that reinforced immutability of bodily characteristics. Yet some biologists, geneticists, and anthropologists challenged assumptions of racial science. Columbia University anthropologist Franz Boas, for example, rebuked White supremacists and eugenicists at museum gathering. The National Association for Advancement of Colored People, formed in 1909, became more vocal in 1920s, with W.E.B. duBois attacking racial even as genetics began to replace eugenics as authority on race concept.Yudell continues thesis that biological assumptions in racial drove researchers in twentieth century by focusing on National Research Council studies that investigated impact of interbreeding between Blacks and Whites (p. 60). Contextualized in lieu of demographic shift of Blacks from South to northern cities after World War 1, studies included human intelligence testing and mechanical aptitude tests to develop an approach to organic differences regarding pathology. For example, in hopes of using intelligence testing to help people adjust better and thereby serve a positive social function, Joseph Peterson's study on Blacks was a 'gentleman's' way of articulating racism (p. …
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