Chicken Essence Improves Exercise Performance and Ameliorates Physical Fatigue
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Chicken essence (CE) is a liquid nutritional supplement made from cooking whole chickens. In traditional Chinese medicine, CE is used to support health, promote healing, increase metabolism, and relieve fatigue. However, few studies have examined the effect of CE on exercise performance and physical fatigue. We aimed to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of CE on fatigue and ergogenic functions following physical challenge in mice. Male ICR mice were divided into four groups to receive vehicle or CE by oral gavage at 0, 845, 1690, or 4225 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Exercise performance and anti-fatigue function were evaluated by forelimb grip strength, exhaustive swimming time, and levels of physical fatigue-related biomarkers serum lactate, ammonia, glucose, and creatine kinase (CK) after physical challenge. CE supplementation dose-dependently elevated endurance and grip strength. CE supplementation significantly decreased lactate, ammonia, and CK levels after physical challenge. Tissue glycogen content, an important energy source for exercise, was significantly increased with CE supplementation. In addition, CE supplementation had few subchronic toxic effects. The supplementation with CE can have a wide spectrum of bioactivities on health promotion, performance improvement and anti-fatigue.Keywords:
Creatine
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Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is a potent inhibitor of muscle creatine kinase. The inhibition of ATP formation is more pronounced at pH 7.0. The substrates, creatine and creatine phosphate, partially prevent the inhibition of the enzyme activity by PEP, creatine being as an effector.
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Vitamin E deficient diet of rats developed impairments in energy metabolism of myocardium, involving a decrease in content of creatine phosphate and in the activity of creatine phosphokinase by 20-35%. Concentration of adenine nucleotides was not altered in myocardium and the content of glycogen was only slightly changed. The impairments in activity of creatine phosphokinase and in the content of creatine phosphate might be among the factors responsible for deterioration of the heart muscle contractile functions in avitaminosis E.
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Disturbances in the heart energy provision is important in the stress-induced injury of myocardium. In order to learn the causes of age-dependent differences in myocardial sensitivity to stress, we determined the level of adenylates, creatine and creatine phosphate in adult and old rat heart during an immobilization stress.Fifty male Wistar rats were used to study the myocardial adenine nucleotides, creatine and creatine phosphate pool and creatine kinase activity during an immobilization period.The concentration of adenine nucleotides in old and adult rat hearts was similar. The total concentration of adenylate pool, ATP and ADP in the heart of both age groups was reduced during stress. However, in old rats under stress the concentration of ATP in a less measure and ADP in a greater measure is decreased against that observed in adult animals. The level of inorganic phosphate in old rat heart remains the same as in adult rats.The creatine kinase system may be important in stabilizing the ATP level in myocardium of adult rats during stress. The role of this system in heart energy metabolism during stress is decreased in old rats. Disturbances of isoenzyme creatine kinase activity are responsible for these disorders.
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Twenty-four baby pigs receiving a synthetic milk diet containing 30% casein were utilized to determine if the inclusion of 0.2% creatine monohydrate or an equimolar amount of the creatine precursors, arginine and glycine, would improve growth rate, muscle size and creatine content. Neither of these regimens was effective in improving any of these criteria. Dietary creatine which was absorbed appeared to be largely excreted as urinary creatine or creatinine. The supplemental creatine precursors, arginine and glycine, apparently were not utilized in creatine biosynthesis.
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Creatine and creatine phosphate are amino acid-derived compounds that are necessary to meet short-term energy requirements. Creatine is a potent neuromodulator such that it is critical for neurological development in neonates. Neonates receive creatine in mother's milk. However, up to 77% of the daily creatine requirement must be synthesized endogenously. Creatine synthesis involves the conversion of arginine to guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) via L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT). The subsequent conversion of GAA to creatine requires methionine and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT). Following preterm birth, total parenteral nutrition (PN) is often required as a means of nutritional support. However, creatine is not a component of pediatric PN. In this situation, the entire creatine requirement must be met by de novo synthesis which consequently must create considerable demand for the amino acid precursors. Poor arginine status is common in neonates during PN, and this may compromise optimal creatine accretion. In this thesis, the capacity of the neonatal piglet to synthesize creatine was addressed, particularly when dietary creatine was not supplied. The data from first experiment demonstrated that PN support with creatine led to greater creatine concentrations in plasma and tissues, suggesting that neonates receiving PN may not be able to sustain optimal creatine accretion. The second major objective of this thesis was to investigate whether the low creatine accretion in piglets fed creatine-free diets was due to limited enzyme capacity or limited substrate availability. Using a multiple isotope tracer method, we determined that inadequate dietary arginine and methionine, not enzyme capacity, limits GAA and creatine biosynthesis. Lastly, because we measured high AGAT activity in kidney and pancreas, we investigated how the plasma concentrations of precursor amino acids (arginine/citrulline) and creatine affected the release of GAA and creatine from these organs as well as from the intestine. We determined both arginine and citrulline can provide precursors for renal GAA synthesis. However, in the pancreas and intestine, citrulline cannot provide arginine to serve as a precursor for GAA. Overall, the results of this thesis clearly demonstrate that dietary concentrations of arginine and methionine are important mediators of creatine synthesis; the absence of dietary creatine, such as during PN feeding, must be taken into consideration when determining dietary requirements of neonates.
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Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is a potent inhibitor of muscle creatine kinase. The inhibition of ATP formation is more pronounced at pH 7.0. The substrates, creatine and creatine phosphate, partially prevent the inhibition of the enzyme activity by PEP, creatine being as an effector.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a wand exercise training on physical function, grip strength and severity of pain in persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), comparing between pre-and post-exercise training. Forty-five persons with RA in remission, low or moderate severity level (29 females and 16 males, mean age 57.3±9.0 years) participated in a wand exercise training program of 20 minutes per session, 3 days a week for 6 weeks. The variables determined were physical function, grip strength and severity of pain which were assessed by the Health Assessment Questionnaire in Thai version (Thai HAQ), sphygmomanometer and visual analog scale (VAS), respectively. Data were analyzed by using paired t-tests. After the 6-week wand exercise training, the results showed significant improvements in physical function, grip strength and severity of pain ( p <0.001). In conclusion, when compared with the pre-exercise period, the wand exercise training could improve physical function as well as grip strength and decrease pain in persons with RA. Future studies with a randomized controlled trial and longitudinal design are suggested to clearly reveal further benefits of wand exercise training in persons with RA.
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