Prolactin activates Ras via signaling proteins SHC, growth factor receptor bound 2, and son of sevenless.
105
Citation
31
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
Identification of the signal transduction pathways used by PRL is essential for understanding the role of PRL receptors in growth and differentiation processes. Early cellular mediators of PRL receptor activation include tyrosine kinases of the Janus kinase (JAK) and SRC families, with rapid nuclear signaling via tyrosine phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription. In the present study we provide the first demonstration of PRL-induced activation of Ras, an oncogenic protein that supports an alternative signaling route from the membrane to the nucleus. PRL stimulated Ras in rat Nb2-SP lymphoma cells, as detected by a 2.0-fold increase in the GTP-bound state of the molecule (P < 0.01). This activation was associated with marked tyrosine phosphorylation and increased membrane association of the 52-kilodalton form of SHC. Moreover, PRL induced binding of SHC to growth factor receptor bound 2 and the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor son of sevenless, a common method used by growth factor receptors to activate Ras. In contrast, no apparent regulation by PRL of Ras via VAV or p120 Ras-guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein was detected, based upon an absence of PRL-inducible tyrosine phosphorylation of these proteins. Collectively, these results provide a molecular bridge between activation of PRL receptor-associated tyrosine kinases and subsequent stimulation of the serine/threonine kinase Raf-1, an established Ras target that was recently shown to be activated by PRL in Nb2 cells. We conclude that PRL is able to activate Ras via recruitment of the signaling proteins SHC, growth factor receptor bound 2, and son of sevenless in Nb2 cells. Moreover, PRL induced tyrosine phosphorylation of SHC in two of three PRL-responsive human breast cancer cell lines, suggesting that SHC-mediated Ras activation is a commonly used signaling strategy by PRL.Thrombopoietin receptor
Cite
Citations (63)
Plexins (Plxns) are semaphorin (Sema) receptors that play important signaling roles, particularly in the developing nervous system and vasculature. Sema‐Plxn signaling regulates cellular processes such as cytoskeletal dynamics, proliferation, and differentiation. However, the receptor‐proximal signaling mechanisms driving Sema‐Plxn signal transduction are only partially understood. Plxn tyrosine phosphorylation is thought to play an important role in these signaling events as receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases have been shown to interact with Plxn receptors. The Src family kinase Fyn can induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of PlxnA1 and PlxnA2. However, the Fyn‐dependent phosphorylation sites on these receptors have not been identified. Here, using mass spectrometry‐based approaches, we have identified highly conserved, Fyn‐induced PlexinA (PlxnA) tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Mutation of these sites to phenylalanine results in significantly decreased Fyn‐dependent PlxnA tyrosine phosphorylation. Furthermore, in contrast to wild‐type human PLXNA2 mRNA, mRNA harboring these point mutations cannot rescue eye developmental defects when coinjected with a plxnA2 morpholino in zebrafish embryos. Together these data suggest that Fyn‐dependent phosphorylation at two critical tyrosines is a key feature of vertebrate PlxnA1 and PlxnA2 signal transduction.
FYN
Tyrosine-protein kinase CSK
Cite
Citations (16)
Phosphorylation at tyrosine 527 of the proto-oncogene product, pp60c-src, has been proposed to decrease the tyrosine kinase activity of the enzyme. We have investigated potential factors that might influence phosphorylation at this site by making mutant variants of the pp60c-src protein. By effectively eliminating the site of N-terminal myristylation, we demonstrated that stable membrane association is not necessary for tyrosine 527 phosphorylation. Furthermore, mutational elimination of the enzymatic activity of this mutant pp60c-src protein did not alter the efficiency of phosphorylation at tyrosine 527. These data are consistent with the proposal that pp60c-src may be phosphorylated at tyrosine 527 by a cellular tyrosine kinase distinct from pp60c-src. In addition, using detergent-permeabilized cells, we established conditions that allow efficient phosphorylation of tyrosine 527 in vitro.
Cite
Citations (54)
3T3 cells
Cite
Citations (5)
Interferon‐γ (IFNγ) is a potent immunomodulatory cytokine. However, the early mechanisms which mediate the pleiotropic effects of IFNγ on different cells are as yet poorly understood. Therefore, we tested the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in signalling induced by IFNγ. IFNγ was found to induce rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins in HL‐60 cells. This effect was detectable by 2 min, reached a maximum by about 4–16 min and thereafter declined. Tyrosine phosphorylation was dependent on receptor occupation and was maximally stimulated by 10 ng/ml IFNγ. Treatment of HL‐60 cells with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and herbimycin A, inhibited both IFNγ‐stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation and IFNγ‐induced Fc receptor expression. Thus, increased tyrosine phosphorylation appears to be an obligatory early and proximal signal mediating at least some of the later cellular responses induced by IFNγ in HL‐60 cells.
Interferon γ
Cite
Citations (6)
Phosphorylation at tyrosine 527 of the proto-oncogene product, pp60c-src, has been proposed to decrease the tyrosine kinase activity of the enzyme. We have investigated potential factors that might influence phosphorylation at this site by making mutant variants of the pp60c-src protein. By effectively eliminating the site of N-terminal myristylation, we demonstrated that stable membrane association is not necessary for tyrosine 527 phosphorylation. Furthermore, mutational elimination of the enzymatic activity of this mutant pp60c-src protein did not alter the efficiency of phosphorylation at tyrosine 527. These data are consistent with the proposal that pp60c-src may be phosphorylated at tyrosine 527 by a cellular tyrosine kinase distinct from pp60c-src. In addition, using detergent-permeabilized cells, we established conditions that allow efficient phosphorylation of tyrosine 527 in vitro.
Cite
Citations (12)
While the process of the Ah receptor activation leading to cytochrome P450 induction has been well studied, the mechanism and the process through which the Ah receptor activates tyrosine kinases, within a few minutes of its ligand binding, is not known. Previously, it was reported by Tannheimer et al. (Carcinogenesis 1998; 19:1291–1297) that TCDD causes rapid induction of tyrosine phosphorylation activities in the MCF10A human mammary epithelial cell line. To study the mechanistic aspect of this phenomenon, particularly that occurs within a few minutes after administration, we first studied the effect of insulin on MCF10A under serum free conditions with added EGF. The addition of insulin induced a rapid (5 min) tyrosine phosphorylation on several 160–190 kDa proteins which was followed by significant dephosphorylation activities on these proteins by 15 min. TCDD increased the rate of tyrosine phosphorylation on those proteins but at 15 min, the level of phosphorylation was still high. When insulin and TCDD were added together, the ability of insulin to induce de-phosphorylation by 15 min disappeared. Such an action of TCDD was accompanied by an increase in the titer of the activated form of Src kinase (i.e. c-Src protein with 418 tyrosine phosphorylation), and a concomitant decrease in the level of 529 tyrosine phosphorylated form (an inactivated form). The TCDD-induced activation of c-Src could be blocked by pretreated MCF10A cells with antisense oligonucleotides against c-src or with a specific inhibitor of Src kinase, PP-2. These results support the conclusion that c-Src kinase is at least one of the earliest and the most upstream components of toxic signaling of the Ah-receptor activated by TCDD through the post-transcriptional process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:313–321, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20041
Cite
Citations (17)
We have utilized a broad approach to address whether tyrosine kinases and the growth pathways they regulate might be functionally aberrant in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the upper aerodigestive tract. This strategy involved assaying for evidence of tyrosine kinase action in lysates of cell lines representing SCC. Our findings revealed a spectrum of elevated tyrosine phosphorylation in SCC lines ranging from less than 2-fold to more than 10-fold above that of control human epidermal keratinocytes. Thus the ability to regulate growth and other pathways controlled by tyrosine phosphorylation was impaired in all the 19 lines examined. Assessment of the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) revealed that its activity was elevated above normal in 14 of the 19 cell lines examined, suggesting that at least a portion of the increased tyrosine phosphorylation observed could be attributed to excessive EGF receptor activity. Our findings provide functional evidence that growth pathways are aberrantly regulated in cell lines representing SCC of the upper aerodigestive tract.
Cite
Citations (155)
Stimulation with LPS induces tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous proteins involved in the TLR signaling pathway. In this study, we demonstrated that myeloid differentiation factor-2 (MD-2) is also tyrosine phosphorylated following LPS stimulation. LPS-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of MD-2 is specific; it is blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, herbimycin A, as well as by an inhibitor of endocytosis, cytochalasin D, suggesting that MD-2 phosphorylation occurs during trafficking of MD-2 and not on the cell surface. Furthermore, we identified two possible phospho-accepting tyrosine residues at positions 22 and 131. Mutant proteins in which these tyrosines were changed to phenylalanine had reduced phosphorylation and significantly diminished ability to activate NF-κB in response to LPS. In addition, MD-2 coprecipitated and colocalized with Lyn kinase, most likely in the endoplasmic reticulum. A Lyn-binding peptide inhibitor abolished MD-2 tyrosine phosphorylation, suggesting that Lyn is a likely candidate to be the kinase required for MD-2 tyrosine phosphorylation. Our study demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation of MD-2 is important for signaling following exposure to LPS and underscores the importance of this event in mediating an efficient and prompt immune response.
LYN
Cite
Citations (29)