Insulin requirements throughout pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: three changes of direction
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Elastase activity in pocket fluid samples was taken from 120 patients divided into 4 groups. The groups were identified as Type I DM (Diabetes mellitus) metabolic uncontrolled, Type I metabolic controlled, Type II metabolic uncontrolled, and Type II metabolic controlled groups. The samples were evaluated with spectrophotometry. In our study we found that, in addition to the clinical data, elastase enzyme activity level and elastase enzyme concentration were found to be significantly higher in metabolic uncontrolled diabetic groups than in metabolic controlled groups (p<0.05). Furthermore, we found a relationship between total elastase enzyme activity and enzyme concentration in all of the four groups. The findings of the study support the relationship between elastase activity and the periodontal disease. We may further draw inferences regarding the effects of metabolic control levels on the periodontal tissues in diabetics patients.
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Diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) in children is characterized by unstable course. A significant number of studies shows that introduction to insulin analogues treatment aims towards better control of the disease.The assessment of metabolic control in children with T1DM that were introduced to insulin analogue treatment after many years of treatment with classic (human) insulin.The study included 59 patients 2-19 years old (12.9 +/- 3.8) with T1DM, transferred from treatment with human insulin to insulin analogues treatment. Data were obtained directly from patients and their parents, as well as from medical records.The introduction to insulin analogues treatment, leads to a decrease in the value of glycolized haemoglobin (HbA1c) after 6 months (9.27 +/- 1.68% vs 8.63 +/- 1:26%, p=0.06). Average daily dose of insulin expressed per IU/kg of classic and insulin analogue (1.04 +/- 0.38 vs 1.03 +/- 0.30; p>0.05), remained almost the same. In 39 examinees (66.1%), 6 months before the introduction to insulin analogue treatment, severe hypoglicemia was registered and 6 months after the introduction to insulin analogue treatment it appeared in only two examinees (3.4%) (p<0.001). Ketoacidosis, 6 months before introduction to insulin analogues treatment, appeared in 16 examinees (27.1%), while 6 months after it was not registered (p<0.001).The use of insulin analogue treatment in childhood provides adequate metabolic control and substantially reduces the risk of acute complications (severe hypoglicemia, ketoacidosis).
Ketoacidosis
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Numerous studies have demonstrated the clinical benefits of using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems among patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of CGM on metabolic control in children with T1D and well-controlled disease prior to the study.This prospective analysis included 99 children (46 girls) at the median age of 11.23 years and diabetes duration of at least 1 year (median: 5.16 years), generally well controlled metabolically (median HbA1c: 7.0%), and treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). The patients had used CGM for at least 150 days. We analysed the participants in subgroups based on baseline HbA1c < 7%, ≥ 7%, age, and sex.Children with baseline HbA1c < 7% were characterized by significantly increased HbA1c after the median of 273 days (217; 320) of CGM usage (6.3% vs. 6.6%, respectively; p = 0.002). No significant change in HbA1c was noted in children with baseline HbA1c ≥ 7% (7.5% vs. 7.4%, respectively; p = 0.191), but 20% of the group reached the target of HbA1c < 7.0%. The analysis of CGM data revealed that no group achieved the CGM targets of good metabolic control. Total daily insulin requirements remained stable in both groups (p = 0.752; p = 0.274), but the amount of basal insulin increased statistically in both groups (p = 0.009; p ≤ 0.001).The application of CGM provides detailed information concerning glycaemic control and is beneficial in some, but not all, T1D children with good diabetes control.W wielu dotychczas przeprowadzonych badaniach wykazano liczne korzyści wynikające z zastosowania systemu ciągłego monitorowania glikemii (CGM) u dzieci chorujących na cukrzycę typu 1 (CT1). Cel pracy : Celem przeprowadzonego badania było oszacowanie wpływu zastosowania CGM na kontrolę metaboliczną CT1 u dzieci i młodzieży z dotychczas dobrze kontrolowaną chorobą.Przeprowadzono prospektywną analizę danych 99 pacjentów (46 dziewczynek) z medianą wieku 11.23 roku chorujących na CT1 co najmniej 1 rok (mediana 5.16 roku), z cukrzycą dobrze wyrównaną metabolicznie (mediana HbA1c < 7%) leczonych ciągłym podskórnym wlewem insuliny za pomocą pompy. Pacjenci używali CGM przez co najmniej 150 dni. Podzielono i przeanalizowano dane uczestników zależnie od wyjściowego stężenia HbA1c < 7%, ≥ 7%, wieku oraz płci.Pacjenci początkowo dobrze wyrównani metabolicznie uzyskali istotny statystycznie wzrost HbA1c po 273 dniach obserwacji (odpowiednio 6.3% vs. 6.6%; p = 0.002). Nie odnotowano istotnych statystycznie różnic dotyczących HbA1c wśród pacjentów z wyjściowym HbA1c ≥ 7% (odpowiednio 7.5% vs. 7.4%; p = 0.191), ale 20% grupy osiągnęło poziom HbA1c < 7.0%. Analiza danych z CGM wykazała, iż żadna z grup nie osiągnęła celów leczenia. Całkowite dobowe zapotrzebowanie na insulinę nie uległo zmianie w obu grupach (p = 0.752; p = 0.274), ale doszło do zwiększenia ilości insuliny podawanej jako baza (p = 0.009; p ≤ 0.001).Zastosowanie CGM dostarcza szczegółowych informacji na temat kontroli glikemii i jest korzystne u wielu, lecz nie wszystkich dzieci leczonych ciągłym podskórnym wlewem insuliny za pomocą pompy, które osiągnęły dobrą kontrolę metaboliczną choroby.
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Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) with a portable insulin pump has been used for several years in the treatment of adult patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). This treatment, however, has rarely been utilised in children and adolescents. We studied the use of CSII in 16 children and adolescents with type 1 DM at Tampere and Kuopio University Hospitals between 1992 and 1997. The longest treatment periods are more than 4 years. The reasons for switching to CSII treatment and the goals achieved were evaluated. Glycaemic control before and during CSII treatment and the occurrence of hypoglycaemia and ketoacidosis were analysed. Compared with conventional insulin treatment, improved glycaemic control and a reduced frequency of hypoglycaemic events were achieved with CSII in those with particularly poor initial metabolic control (HbA1c >10.0%). The overall satisfaction with pump therapy was high in both patients and their families. According to our experience, CSII may be of benefit, especially in young infants with type 1 DM, but also in affected adolescents with unacceptable glycaemic control.
Insulin pump
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Diabetic ketoacidosis
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