Immunomodulating effects after perinatal exposure to methylmercury in mice
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Methylmercury
Splenocyte
Thymocyte
A thymocyte growth factor, THGF, purified from the supernatant of a thymic T-lymphocyte-precursor cell line (TC.SC-1/2.0), stimulated the growth of splenocytes and thymocytes that had not been activated by a mitogen. Addition of suboptimal doses of mitogen or phorbol myristate acetate did not enhance the response. The growth factor could stimulate the growth of thymocytes synergistically with interleukin 2 but its action was not mediated by interleukin 2 or by interleukin 4. L3T4-Lyt2- thymocytes, Ig- splenocytes, Ig+ splenocytes, and alpha 1-thymosin-sensitive splenocytes were targets for THGF, which also stimulated the formation of haemopoietic spleen colonies in irradiated mice.
Splenocyte
Thymocyte
Thymosin
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Methylmercury
Mercury
Demethylation
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The danger of methylmercury poisoning appears to be slight when the environment is not directly contaminated with methylmercury. Sediments rapidly bind mercury and decrease its availability to aquatic organisms. Sediments further have a greater propensity to demethylate than to methylate mercury. In noncontaminated aquatic ecosystems, the concentrations of methylmercury and inorganic mercury are many times lower than those that have been found to cause toxicity, even in the most sensitive organisms. Methylmercury bound to protein is comparatively less toxic than methylmercury salts, and selenium present in this protein appear to be one of the major detoxifying agents for methylmercury. This is particularly important in seafood, where there is an excess of selenium compared to methylmercury.
Methylmercury
Mercury
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Homing (biology)
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
Lymphocyte homing receptor
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Studies have investigated the associations between parental metabolic syndrome (MetS) and offspring MetS. This study aimed to uncover parental-offspring associations for MetS and its components according to offspring sex and age.A cross-sectional study in 1,403 fathers, 1,451 mothers, and 1,532 offspring (340 male and 404 female offspring aged 10-18 years; 283 male and 505 female offspring aged 19-25 years) using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data between 2010 and 2013.All categorized MetS components in fathers and mothers were significantly associated with the same components in male offspring, while high waist circumference, high triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein in fathers and mothers were associated with the same components in female offspring. The number of categorized MetS components which were significantly associated between parent-offspring pairs was greater in offspring aged 19-25 years than in those aged 10-18 years. All categorized MetS components were significantly associated between father-male offspring aged 19-25 years pairs, but not in other parent-offspring pairs. The MetS per se in fathers and mothers was significantly associated with that in male offspring aged 10-18 years.There were differential associations according to offspring sex and age group and parent's sex with respect to parental-offspring associations for MetS and its individual components. The associations for MetS and its components were stronger in young adult versus adolescent offspring, in male offspring versus female offspring.
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The danger of methylmercury poisoning appears to be slight when the environment is not directly contaminated with methylmercury. Sediments rapidly bind mercury and decrease its availability to aquatic organisms. Sediments further have a greater propensity to demethylate than to methylate mercury. In noncontaminated aquatic ecosystems, the concentrations of methylmercury and inorganic mercury are many times lower than those that have been found to cause toxicity, even in the most sensitive organisms. Methylmercury bound to protein is comparatively less toxic than methylmercury salts, and selenium present in this protein appear to be one of the major detoxifying agents for methylmercury. This is particularly important in seafood, where there is an excess of selenium compared to methylmercury.
Methylmercury
Mercury
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While the primary source of human MeHg exposure is the consumption of fish contaminated with MeHg, it is unknown whether the toxicity of MeHg in fish is equivalent to that of MeHg chloride (MeHgCl) experimentally added to the diet. We investigated developmental and behavioral effects of MeHg derived from fish and MeHgCl added to various diets during the prenatal period in mice from GD 0 to GD 17. From 7 to 9 female C57BL/6NCr mice were assigned to each of the following exposure groups: Control (CL), CL+MeHgCl (CL+MeHg, 1.6 mgHg/kg), low MeHg tuna (LT, 0.2 mgHg/kg), LT+MeHgCl (LT+MeHg, 1.6 mgHg/kg), and high MeHg tuna (HT, 1.6 mgHg/kg). In pups, body weight was depressed and elevated by MeHg exposure in the CL+MeHg and the LT, respectively, compared with other three groups. In neurodevelopmental test, the righting reflex of 4 groups other than CL showed the facilitated developments compared to the CL. The cliff avoidance of the HT developed slower than in the CL+MeHg, LT and LT+MeHg. In water maze test, the swimming speed of the HT decreased in comparison with the CL in males but not females. The latency until falling from a rotating rod of the LT+MeHg was significantly shorter than that of the LT in males but not females. Our results are suggesting the possibility that the toxicological profiles of MeHg derived from fish and reagent MeHg are somewhat different. Our findings also provide evidence that males are more susceptible than females to prenatal MeHg exposure.
Methylmercury
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Sexual maturity
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Methylmercury distribution and production in the environment are reviewed. As for methylmercury distribution, the proportions of methylmercury to the total mercury in waters, soils, sediments and airs are mainly discussed. The origin of methylmercury in fish is also discussed. Methylation of inorganic mercury in the environment can be roughly divided into two groups ; one is biological and the other is chemical methylation. In this article, chemical methylations are discussed in detail. Effects of environmental factors, such as pH, redox potential and temperature, on the methylmercury production are also mentioned.
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Mercury
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