Meta-meta-placebo and -curabo: You might get better just by reading this paper
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Abstract Employing a placebo control group does not prevent the placebo effect from occurring. The only way to do that is to convince people that the experimental intervention that they are about to receive will not help them or that there is nothing special about it. Using a placebo group doesn’t even tell us how large the placebo effect is in a particular experiment because so many other inferential impediments are operating at the same time. The only way to ascertain the actual size of a placebo effect is to employ a no-treatment control group and to compare its results with those obtained for the placebo group.
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Climacteric
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Placebo-controlled study
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Climacteric
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Abstract In an experimental study on the placebo effect in Malawi, an independent East African nation, 21 Malawian college students were tested individually in two 1-hour sessions on successive afternoons, using a one-group, two-condition before-after counterbalanced experimental design. Subjects were falsely told that a physiologically neutral substance they consumed would arouse the body, affecting oral temperature and pulse. Before-after measurements were taken during each day's session. On one of the days, the placebo resembled a traditional African herbal concoction, whereas on the other day, the placebo appeared to be a commercial Western-style medicine. The placebo effect was evaluated for each medication by comparing pre- and posttreatment scores. After the session, the subjects completed a questionnaire on their beliefs in the power of each style of medication. The placebo response was demonstrated in both medication conditions for oral temperature, but the strength of the placebo effect did not vary between medication styles. No significant relationship was found between the placebo effects and self-reported attitudes toward the two types of medication.
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Placebo has only a slight effect on ambulatory blood pressure (ABP). Some authors have suggested that the use of a placebo is not necessary in a study on the drugs effect on ABP. We demonstrate that even if placebo effect is small, the use of a placebo group is still necessary. Effects of one daily dose of 50 mg atenolol + 20 mg slow-released nifedipine (AN) were investigated. Patients with office DBP 90-110 mmHg received, in a double-blind protocol, either AN (group AN, n = 31) or a placebo (group P, n = 26). Ambulatory BP (ABP) and HR were measured (Spacelabs or Diasys systems) for 24 h before and one month after treatment. The 2 groups were comparable before treatment. After 1 month under treatment, ABP was significantly lower in the AN group, compared to the P group, and this over the whole day (p = 0.03 to p < 0.0001). The effect was the most important between 10-17 h (p < 0.0001). HR was significantly lower in the AN group during daytime (6-22 h), but not during the night (22-6 h). Over the whole group, placebo effect was not significant. However, ABP did decrease under placebo in subjects with high initial pressure. As a result, an analysis without data from the placebo group led to an overestimation of the effects of the drug.
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Atenolol
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To investigate the effects of lactoferrin (LF) on subjective skin conditions in winter.A preliminary, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.Healthy adults in Japan.Intake of placebo, 200 mg, or 600 mg of LF for 12 weeks in winter.Changes in the scores of subjective skin conditions.Three hundred and forty-six subjects were randomized. Nine subjects (placebo, n=0; 200 mg, n=5; 600 mg, n=4) withdrew consent, and 7 subjects (placebo, n=4; 200 mg, n=2; 600 mg, n=1) were lost to follow-up, resulting in 330 for a full analysis set.Changes in the scores of moisture were greater in the 600 mg group than in the placebo group. Changes in the scores of moisture were greater in the 200 mg and 600 mg groups, and of texture were greater in the 600 mg group than in the placebo group in female subjects.Intake of LF may improve moisture or texture of skin in winter.
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Lactoferrin
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The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of placebo treatment on the performance of a motor skill. One-hundred eight college students participated in the study. Four experimental conditions were created: (1) near infrared activating group with placebo instructions , (2) near infrared activating group without placebo instructions , (3) placebo group with placebo instructions, and (4) placebo group without placebo instructions . Participants performed four blocks of 10 trials each for the acquisition phase. ANOVAs with repeated measures on the last factor were performed on the various dependent variables: Absolute error, variable error, directional error, and radial error. The results of this investigation revealed significant main effects for group on the absolute error and variable error. The present study suggests that the placebo effect does not influence motor skill tasks in which perception and cognitive information processing are important.
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Motor Learning
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The effect of zinc sulphate and placebo was compared in a double-blind trial in 56 patients suffering from acne vulgaris. Serum vitamin A levels were studied in all, before and at the end of therapy, 29 patients received zinc sulphate 600 mg daily and 27 patients received placebo. Patients on placebo showed no improvement. After 12 weeks of treatment with zinc sulphate, 17 patients (58%) showed significant improvement. There was a statistically significant decrease in the number of papules, infiltrates and cysts. In zinc-treated cases there was statistically significant increase in serum vitamin A levels, while no change was found in the placebo group.
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Climacteric
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Placebo-controlled study
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