Native Defects in ZnO: Effect on Dye Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation
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We investigated the influence of native defects on the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes for different ZnO nanoparticles. We found that there was no relationship between the dye adsorption onto ZnO nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity. Fast photocatalytic degradation could be observed for samples having a low concentration of nonradiative defects (and thus low recombination losses of photogenerated carriers), regardless of the amount of dye adsorbed onto the surface. While the absorption of cationic dyes was not significantly affected by ZnO nanoparticle properties, dye adsorption of several anionic dyes was strongly affected by native defects in ZnO. The defects involved in the dye adsorption are likely shallow donor centers exhibiting an electron spin resonance peak at g ≈ 1.957, resulting in positively charged sites at the surface.Keywords:
Cationic polymerization
Degradation
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Using Gemini cationic M and other auxiliaries mixed together,such as 1815 and Poly-cationic S,the influence of the Cationic dye on the dyeing property of Modified Polyester CDP and ECDP was studied,and the interaction between Gemini cationic M and dyes were investigated.The results indicated that Gemini cationic M could be used as the retarding agents of ECDP;however,there was little effect on CDP,the difference of retarding effect was related to the high surface activity on Gemini cationic M.
Cationic polymerization
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The contribution of electron magnetic resonance techniques, and in particular of CW-EPR, to the experimental research on photocatalytic phenomena is illustrated in this paper with selected examples. In the first part of the paper the role of EPR in unravelling the nature and the features of extrinsic point defects in semiconducting oxides is epitomized using the important example of the photoactive nitrogen center in various semiconducting oxides. In the second part we describe how EPR can monitor the processes that follow the initial photoinduced charge separation in photocatalysis, namely the stabilisation, migration and surface reactivity of electrons and holes. Finally, we will discuss how the role of EPR in photocatalysis is not limited to monitor phenomena occurring in the solid or at its surface but it can be extended to the investigation of the liquid phase by employing the spin trapping techniques to monitor the nature and the concentration of the reactive free radicals formed along the photocatalytic process.
Spin trapping
Reactivity
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Abstract It is commonly known that cationic and anionic surfactants cannot be mixed without the risk of precipitation or instability. However, many studies have shown that not only is it possible to combine cationic and anionic surfactants, but also that this combination can present synergic properties. Mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants have many unique properties that can be very useful when used properly. The aim of this report is to present relevant information concerning the interaction between anionic and cationic surfactants. A bibliographic review on anionic/cationic mixtures is presented here in order to better understand their properties and possible synergic effects, as this is of practical importance for the chemical industry.
Cationic polymerization
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Cationic polymerization
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Underlayer exposed ZnO:Al-TiO2 coupled films are prepared by different means.Surface morphology by SEM,microstructure by XRD,film thickness by surface profiler and photocatalysis are investigated.In order to explain the enhanced photocatalysis,reaction Ag++→Ag↓ is adopted to clarify the mechanism.It turns out that during the process of photocatalysis the exposed part of the underlayer releases e-and this suppresses recombination of light-induced charges,thus enhanced photocatalysis.
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The cationic surfactants based on biamide and imidagoline quaternary ammonium salts were synthesized and the content of cations was determined. The fatliquor for leather prepared by the above two cationic surfactants was made. The fatliquoring effect of the single cationic fatliquor and compositions one was inspected by the orthogonal design.
Cationic polymerization
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