Transient Thermal Finite Element Analysis Based on Field Measured Data and the Impact on Fatigue
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Many vessels experience significant thermal loads in operation. This paper discusses a method used to develop the internal thermal boundary conditions (film coefficients) required to evaluate thermal loads when the thermal properties of the internal fluid are unknown. In a thermal analysis it is critical to determine the correct film coefficients to achieve the proper behavior. Improperly quantified heat up rates can have a dramatic effect on the overall design. An example is provided to show how assumptions on thermal input can directly effect the results. The method described in this paper uses Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to determine internal film coefficients based on field measured thermocouple data.Keywords:
Thermocouple
Transient (computer programming)
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ABSTRACT The study was designed to determine if two types of thermocouples give the same readings when placed in the same steak and if not, which thermocouple actually gives the more accurate temperature measurement. The larger thermocouple was made of 23 gauge (0.048 cm diam) copper/constantan wire; the smaller, 40 gauge (0.008 cm diam). Results indicate cooking times will be shorter in small steaks if the larger thermocouples are used. There is evidence the larger thermocouples conduct heat into small steaks whereas the smaller thermocouples do not; the smaller thermocouples give a better indication of the internal temperature of the meat than do the larger thermocouples.
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Abstract This study describes the development of an evaluation method of uncertainty in temperature measurement of surface-mounted components by several types of thermocouples. When thermocouples conduct the temperature measurement of the surface-mounted components, the components’ temperature decreases because the thermocouples dissipate heat like a pin fin. Temperature measurement techniques for miniaturized electrical components are strongly needed to ensure the operation’s guaranteed temperature. In this report, a heat transfer experiment around thermocouples installed on the surface of the PCBs was conducted while changing the type and the mounting angle of thermocouples. Through the temperature measurement, the decrease of the temperature around the thermocouples was confirmed.
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The grinding temperatures were measured with half-cylindrical thermocouple which made by grinding method and measrued with foil thermocouple which made by rolling method respectively when grinding brittle granite with an Al 2 O 3 wheel. Experimental results include average grinding zone temperatures and grains’ temperatures were analysed. The deviation of average grinding zone temperatures measured by them were within 6%. The foil thermocouples do not easily to lap due to the brittleness of the workpiece which usually makes the joint of thermocouples disconnected. But half-cylindrical thermocouples are more convenient to be prepared and be used than foil ones. However, the periodic “flash” impulses which reflect the grains’ temperature measured by half-cylindrical thermocouple were about 51% lower than the others. According to time constant, the thickness of the thermocouple less than 0.007mm is a necessary condition for measure the grains’ temperatures without distortion. The half-cylindrical thermocouple is too thick to have a momentary response time thus makes it out of the measurement accuracy range when it is used to measure the temperature of the grains. Therefore, foil thermocouple has an optimum thickness of 0.007mm is suitable for measuring the grains’ temperature while half-cylindrical thermocouple with average thickness less than 0.12mm is suitable for measuring the average grinding zone temperature.
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An experimental investigation was conducted to reveal the influence of thermocouples on the measurement of grinding temperatures. The temperatures at the wheel-workpiece interface were measured in dry grinding using two types of foil thermocouples. It is shown that the temperatures measured by the different types or geometric parameters of thermocouples were rather different. For a specific thermocouple, the temperatures generally decreased with the reduced end-surface area of the thermocouple, which is possibly related to the reduced number of abrasives at the wheel-thermocouple interface.
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This PIRT exercise identifies a number of factors which can influence thermocouple readings made in fires. Identified factors are: (a) the fuel/oxidizer equivalence ratio and its effect on readings, (b) the influence of the state of oxidation and variation with time for the thermocouple sheath, (c) the convection coefficient models and how experimental readings are influenced by thermocouple diameter and yaw angle, (d) response time of a MIMS thermocouple, and (e) thermocouple end effects.
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In this paper, the producing methods of high precision Fine Tungsten-Rhenium Thermocouple wires and its applied research in the temperature measurement of the molten steel are introduced, The effects of Fine W-Re Thermocouple Wires on the fabrication technology, the temperature measurement precision and stability of the Quick Response Tungsten-Rhenium Thermocouple probe are discussed. The results show that the temperature measurement precision and stability of φ0.05mm Fine W-Re Thermocouple wires reach that of Type S thermocouple wires. The crack of W-Re Thermocouple wires can be avoided and the length of thermocouple wires can be cut more shorter in the process of manufacturing the Quick Response W-Re Thermocouple probe with φ0.05mm Fine W-Re Thermocouple Wires, so that the product yield and efficiency can be advanced.
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