Considerations on the design of behavioural orientated models from the point of view of empirical social research
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As the first stage of comparative literature,the French school has made great contributions. But for a long time,the academic mostly focused on the influencing study and the empirical method. In fact,in the theoretical system of the French school,in addition to the empirical research,non-empirical research also has been discussed. And since the middle of the twentieth century,the theory of American school shows more non-empirical characteristics. After entering the new century,although both influence research and empirical research often be questioned,it is no doubt that empirical research is not out of date. And the correct direction for the development of comparative literature is the combination of empirical study and non-empirical study.
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Empirical research is one of indispensable research methods in higher educational research.At present,empirical research is restrained by the internal and external conditions in China's higher educational research: empirical research is always the technical tool to collect materials,and external conditions cannot meet the demand of empirical research,etc.But the epistemology and methodology of empirical research has unique value in higher educational research,which has irreplaceable significance to promoting higher educational research scientific ally and normaly,etc.We should pay attention that the appropriate range of empirical research must be considered when it is used.
Empirical Research
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Transportation planning Is presented as one component of comprehensive city or regional planning. Comprehensive planning for a metropolitan area includes land use, community facilities, transportation, regulatory measures, and financing. Comprehensive city planning tries to mitigate conflicting purposes or goals in order to enable the city to move forward progressively. Transportation planning steps are indicated, and the influence of transportation on urban growth is examined. The need for planning as a continuing process is emphasized.
Transportation planning
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Urban model builders and policy makers are turning a more flexible approach to planning and implementing urban transportation investments. This paper seeks to extend these recent efforts in unexplored planning processes to enable the newly emerging transportation planning process to better cope with the uncertainties of complex urban and regional systems. The discussion is conceptual and builds on current literature and trends. Diagrammatic representation of old and new approaches to transportation planning are set out to clarify and the nature of the emerging processes. The paper concludes that the trend away from highly structured analytical methods of planning toward more synthetic and open-ended approaches is worthwhile but should not be overdone. What is most needed is a delicate balance between rigorous analytic techniques and less rigorous synthetic and qualitative ones. It is through such balance that technicians (analysts) will work closely with politicans and other policy makers (synthesists) to provide flexible responsive, and carefully thought-out urban transportation planning. /Author/
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Diagrammatic reasoning
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The emerging statewide transportation planning process is described and compared to a typical transportation needs study. The view taken is that the statewide transportation planning process represents the gradual merger of transportation needs studies with the urban transportation planning process. Statewide transportation plans are now being developed for single modes, i.e., highways, considering (1) user as well as nonuser goals; (2) the formulation of alternative systems; (3) analytical models to predict the demand for future travel; and (4) comprehensive evaluation criteria. Also, traditional highway needs studies are being replaced by the National Transportation Planning studies which represent a starting point for estimating total transportation multimodal needs. As experience is gained with a single mode transportation planning studies, emphasis will be expected to shift to multimodal planning.
Transportation planning
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This essay focuses attention on the place of theory in empirical research. That is, this essay examines the role of theory in the conduct of empirical research. It is argued that theory and empirical research are critically useful and important to each other as both facilitate the development of each other and they are engaged in an expanding network of relationships. This essay also posits that the indispensability of theory and empirical research to each other becomes glaring when it is realized that a fruitful empirical research cannot be conducted without a theory as a guide, and a theory can only be developed, clarified or reformulated as a product of an empirical research. This means that there is an unbreakable affinity between theory and empirical research. Keywords : Theory, research, empirical research, phenomenon, inquiry
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Phenomenon
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Empirical Research
Exploratory research
Qualitative property
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Parallel to the rapid development of urban transportation systems, the fundamentals and methodologies of urban transportation planning have advanced quickly in the first decade of the century due to the tremendous innovative research activities in this area. This paper reviews urban transportation planning development in 21st century in several aspects: the adjustments in the development strategies, the huge changes in the national intermodal transportation network, urban transportation system, and characteristics of urban residents travel demand. The paper discusses the evolution and innovation in the transportation planning theories and methodologies, the renewed objectives of transportation planning, the integration of transportation and land-use, planning techniques and modeling theories, and the procedures of transportation planning. Lastly, the paper evaluates several typical planning cases , such as urban transportation planning for large metropolitan areas with high density of small communities, public transit planning, high-speed rail station planning, comprehensive transportation planning for intermodal terminal, transportation planning for CBD, local community transportation planning, and transportation planning for large special events.
Transportation planning
Site plan
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Integrated transportation planning is an emerging transportation planning concept that is intended to help seek those policies, programs, and projects that meet a given set of transportation goals and objectives for the minimum total social cost. Its elements include analysis of a full range of alternatives, the use of benefit-cost analysis to compare alternatives, public involvement in the development and evaluation of alternatives, analysis of uncertainties in forecasts of future conditions, and continuous monitoring of transportation system performance. The theory and methods of integrated transportation planning for implementation by a metropolitan planning organization developed for the Puget Sound Regional Council are discussed. The discussion includes how integrated transportation planning fits into the strategic planning process, the similarities and differences between integrated transportation planning and the current transportation planning process, and the analytic issues raised by implementing integrated transportation planning.
Transportation planning
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