Peanut nodulation kinetics in response to low pH
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We have measured silage fermentation dynamics in over 50 crops since the development of a 4 x 14 inch PVC pipe, laboratory-scale silo in 1984. In many of these experiments, our objective was to determine how inoculants or inoculant/enzyme combinations affected the rate and efficiency of the ensiling process. Twenty-five different inoculants have been tested over a wide range of ensiling conditions. Results show that the majority of silage inoculants available today are able to supply a high number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and to improve silage fermentation in most crops (KAES, Reports of Progress 494, 514, and 539). Preliminary results of 17 experiments conducted in 1988 to determine the efficacy of 12 commercial inoculants are summarized here. An additional objective in six experiments was to study the effect of numbers of LAB supplied to the crop by inoculants on fermentation response. In two alfalfa experiments, combinations of inoculant and dextrose (fermentable sugar) and inoculant and enzyme (to increase fermentable sugar) were compared.
Silage
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Compositions and usage method of Si-Ba inoculant,Si-Sr inoculant,Si-Zr inoculant,Si-Ca inoculant as well as RE-containing inoculant was described.The inoculation effect mechanism of above mentioned inoculants was discussed.It was believed that by selecting proper inoculant for the high strength gray iron,nodular iron and vermicular iron,it is possible to reduce production cost,improve castings quality,save energy,as well as to be beneficial to environment protection.
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Interaction effects of Azospirillum and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with reduced levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorous on growth and yield of Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) was determined.Highest growth and yield were obtained with combined inoculation of Glomus + Azospirillum along with reduced (75%) levels of N and P compared to control and individual inoculations.Among individual treatments, Azospirillum was significantly superior over AMF at different nutrient levels.Population of Azospirillum and AM fungal infection was significantly higher in dual inoculated plants with 75% N and P. Nitrogen concentration in the plants was significantly increased by Azospirillum even more in association with the efficient fungal strain.Further, dual inoculated plants showed a significant increase in P uptake.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Glomus
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The utilization of inoculants containing Azospirillum is becoming more popular due to increasing reports of expressive gains in grain yields. However, incompatibility with pesticides used in seed treatments represents a main limitation for a successful inoculation. Therefore, in this study we searched for alternatives methods for seed inoculation of maize and wheat, aiming to avoid the direct contact of bacteria with pesticides. Different doses of inoculants containing Azospirillum brasilense were employed to perform inoculation in-furrow, via soil spray at sowing and via leaf spray after seedlings had emerged, in comparison to seed inoculation. Experiments were conducted first under greenhouse controlled conditions and then confirmed in the field at different locations in Brazil. In the greenhouse, most parameters measured responded positively to the largest inoculant dose used in foliar sprays, but benefits could also be observed from both in-furrow and soil spray inoculation. However, our results present evidence that field inoculation with plant-growth promoting bacteria must consider inoculant doses, and point to the need of fine adjustments to avoid crossing the threshold of growth stimulation and inhibition. All inoculation techniques increased the abundance of diazotrophic bacteria in plant tissues, and foliar spray improved colonization of leaves, while soil inoculations favored root and rhizosphere colonization. In field experiments, inoculation with A. brasilense allowed for a 25 % reduction in the need for N fertilizers. Our results have identified alternative methods of inoculation that were as effective as the standard seed inoculation that may represent an important strategy to avoid the incompatibility between inoculant bacteria and pesticides employed for seed treatment.
Azospirillum brasilense
Seed treatment
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There are a wide variety of microbial inoculant types available to restoration practitioners, but little information as to which performs best under field conditions in dryland ecosystems. We used a meta-analysis of 62 dryland studies to provide the first quantitative comparison of native vs commercial, diverse vs single species, and fungal vs bacterial microbial inoculants. We found that while microbial inoculation increases plant growth compared to uninoculated counterparts, contrary to our expectations, the magnitude of effect was statistically similar for all the inoculant pairs. Our results suggest that land managers should use inoculant types that are readily available and easy to handle rather than complicated and expensive inoculants that combine multiple taxa of local origin microbes.
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Firstly the effect of seven inoculants is evaluated by experiments to select better ones. Then, the influence of quantities of three inoculants with good effect is studied to determine the favorite one. The results show that inoculants with more elements which are helpful to inoculation have better effect than the others with less and there is a optimal range of adding quantity for them in inoculation. Inoculated with inoculant Ⅵ which is the best of the seven inoculants, a gray iron with low chilling potential,low sensitivity to the thickness of castings' walls and tensile strength over 250 MPa can be produced.
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