Genetic structure and variability of virus populations in cross-protected grapevines superinfected by Grapevine fanleaf virus
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Nepovirus
Vineyard
Movement protein
Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) are nepoviruses responsible for grapevine degeneration. They are specifically transmitted from grapevine to grapevine by two distinct ectoparasitic dagger nematodes of the genus Xiphinema. GFLV and ArMV move from cell to cell as virions through tubules formed into plasmodesmata by the self-assembly of the viral movement protein. Five surface-exposed regions in the coat protein called R1 to R5, which differ between the two viruses, were previously defined and exchanged to test their involvement in virus transmission, leading to the identification of region R2 as a transmission determinant. Region R4 (amino acids 258 to 264) could not be tested in transmission due to its requirement for plant systemic infection. Here, we present a fine-tuning mutagenesis of the GFLV coat protein in and around region R4 that restored the virus movement and allowed its evaluation in transmission. We show that residues T258, M260, D261, and R301 play a crucial role in virus transmission, thus representing a new viral determinant of nematode transmission.
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Movement protein
Plasmodesma
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Tomato ringspot nepovirus (TomRSV) produces a 45 kDa movement protein and a 58 kDa coat protein in infected plants. Accumulation of the movement protein in relation to that of the coat protein was studied in infected protoplasts using a monoclonal antibody against the movement protein and polyclonal antibodies against the coat protein. Unlike most other viral movement proteins, the TomRSV movement protein was present at late stages of infection. Pulse-chase labelling experiments revealed that the release of the movement protein from the precursor polyprotein was coordinated with that of the coat protein. However, the movement protein was less stable than the coat protein in the extractable fraction of the protoplasts. The expression pattern of the TomRSV movement protein is discussed in the light of the proposed mechanism of cell-to-cell movement of virus-like particles through tubular structures composed of the movement protein.
Movement protein
Nepovirus
Protoplast
Polyclonal antibodies
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Transmission of plant viruses in nature often involves vectors which are usually plant pests. A class of soil borne invertebrates acts in this way. Ectoparasitic nematodes belonging to the Longidoridae family are responsible for the transmission of viruses from the Nepovirus genus using a semipersistant, non circulative mechanism. This passive transmission occurs during the feeding process of the nematodes on actively growing roots. However, only a few longidorid nematodes are able to acquire and subsequently transmit 12 of the 32 known Nepovirus. This singularity reflects a highly specific and strong association between the virus and the vector likely via a putative receptor on the cuticular lining of the oesophageal tract. Using a reverse genetics approach, investigations on the Grapevine fanleaf virus/Xiphinema index virus-vector association showed that the transmission specificity is solely determined by the coat protein.
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