<span lang="EN-GB">Allium kuhrangense</span><span lang="EN-GB"> (Amaryllidaceae) a new species of Allium sect. Acanthoprason from Iran</span>
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Abstract:
Allium kuhrangense, an endemic to Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province (Iran) is described here as a new species. This species grows on gravelly and rocky slopes of a mountainous region. It is morphologically most similar to A. austroiranicum and can be recognized as a member of the A. austroiranicum alliance. Allium kuhrangense is a diploid species with chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 16. Diagnostic characters, description, taxonomic comments, photographs and a distribution map of the new species as well as an identification key for the related taxa are provided. According to IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, A. kuhrangense is assessed here as a “Critically Endangered” species.Keywords:
Chromosome number
Parthenogenesis
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Abstract Cell pattern and ultrasculpture were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy in bulb tunics of 46 Allium species to determine the diagnostic value of micromorphological characters. The study examined the diversity of these characters, evaluated their usefulness at different taxonomic levels (species, section, subgenus), and considered the results in relation to the recent intrageneric classification of the genus. Detailed characteristics are provided for the investigated species, and taxa showing the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in bulb tunic cells are indicated. The results suggest that several bulb tunic characters are of taxonomic significance in Allium as their variation between specimens of the same species was negligible; they can be useful elements of species descriptions and determination keys. Allium subgenus Allium shows considerable variation of bulb tunic ultrasculpture and hexagonal or elongated cell patterns. Differences in ultrasculpture are sufficient to distinguish species within the Amerallium subgenus. Three subgenera (Anguinum, Butomissa, Reticulatobulbosa) are characterized by fibrous tunics with reticulate ultrasculpture. Rectangular to elliptic cells with thick walls, giving the bulb tunic an almost perforated structure, are characteristic for Allium subgenus Cepa. No specific pattern was found for Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum and Polyprason. The only representative of subgenus Microscordum (Allium monanthum) showed distinct herringbone ultrasculpture. The bulbs of Allium subgenus Rhizirideum representatives can be distinguished by their linear ultrasculpture following the long axis of the elongated cells. Allium bulb tunic ultrasculpture and cell pattern show some degree of variability. These characters are of potential use in taxonomic delimitation, species determination and further study of the relationships between species, particularly in members of subgenus Amerallium.
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Liliaceae
Reticulate
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We have seen that the nucleus of each cell of the plant, with the exception of the sex cells, carries two sets of chromosomes; one inherited from the father and one from the mother. The basic chromosome number of the sex cells in which each chromosome is different and carries a different set of genes is the haploid number. The cells of the body of the plant (somatic cells) usually carry double this number and are diploid. However, plants with more than two sets of the haploid number are not uncommon and are said to be triploid (3×), tetraploid (4×), pentaploid (5×), hexaploid (6×), heptaploid (7×), octaploid (8×), decaploid (10×), dodecaploid (12×), or referred to collectively as polyploids. For example (Table 2.1) several cultivars of apple and pear are triploid, leek tetraploid, plum hexaploid, strawberry octaploid and black mulberry highly polyploid. Sometimes the somatic cells may not contain an exact multiple of the haploid number so then there are a few extra or fewer chromosomes; these are aneuploids.
Polyploid
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Variability in chromosome numbers of Plagiomnium affine from five populations in Poland was found with n = 6, 7, 12 and 18. Three populations showed intrapopulation karyological variability (n = 6, 12, 18), two others were karyologically uniform (n = 6). Additionally, mixoploidy was noted with haploid (n = 6, 7), haploid-diploid (n = 6, 12) and haploid-diploid-polyploid (n = 6, 12, 18) cells in one gametophytic apex.The haploid set consists of two chromosome types: metacentric and submetacentric. Their frequency in particular metaphase plates was different. Variation in karyotype was discovered within the population and among populations. Four types of karyotype were distinguished: 4m + 2sm, 3m + 3sm, 5m + 1sm, 2m + 4sm.The C-banding demonstrated one chromosome with a large telomeric heterochromatin block and one intercalary band. This chromosome was the fifth in the haploid complement according to chromosome length and was the only chromosome marker that is easy to identify in the C-banded karyotype. Centromeric bands were not observed.
Polyploid
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Abstract Variability in chromosome numbers of Plagiomnium affine from five populations in Poland was found with n = 6, 7, 12 and 18. Three populations showed intrapopulation karyological variability (n = 6, 12, 18), two others were karyologically uniform (n = 6). Additionally, mixoploidy was noted with haploid (n = 6, 7), haploid-diploid (n = 6, 12) and haploid-diploid-polyploid (n = 6, 12, 18) cells in one gametophytic apex.The haploid set consists of two chromosome types: metacentric and submetacentric. Their frequency in particular metaphase plates was different. Variation in karyotype was discovered within the population and among populations. Four types of karyotype were distinguished: 4m + 2sm, 3m + 3sm, 5m + 1sm, 2m + 4sm.The C-banding demonstrated one chromosome with a large telomeric heterochromatin block and one intercalary band. This chromosome was the fifth in the haploid complement according to chromosome length and was the only chromosome marker that is easy to identify in the C-banded karyo...
Polyploid
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Вивчено морфологічну будову та васкулярну анатомію квітки Alliumcepa. Виявлено нові морфологічні ознаки вертикальної зональності гінецею та васкулярної анатомії квітки, які раніше не використовувались у систематиці родини Amaryllidaceae. Мікроморфологічні препарати 15 квіток Allium cepa виготовили, використовуючи стандартні методи просочення рослинного матеріалу парафіном. Описано виготовлені зрізи квітки на стадії бутону завтовшки 15-20 мкм за допомогою ротаційного мікротома. Ми встановили наявність трьох вертикальних зон у гінецеї Allium cepa: в основі гнізд наявна синасцидіатна зона, вище симплікатна структурна зона, в якій містяться насінні зачатки, та гемісимплікатна зона, яка висотою займає верхню частину гнізд. Мікроморфологію та васкулярну анатомію квітки вивчали за допомогою поперечних зрізів квітів. Квітконіжка в Allium cepa біля основи містить 6 провідних пучків, які вище на рівні дають початок 12 провідним пучкам, слідам листочків оцвітини та слідам тичинок; дорзальні провідні пучки відходять вище. Дорзальні пучки плодолистика однопучкові. В центрі зав’язі утворюється провідний циліндр із дрібних провідних пучків, які вище на рівні появи гнізд реорганізуються в три півмісяцеві провідні пучки – корені вентрального комплексу. Вище ці пучки реорганізуються у 6 масивних провідних пучків і живлять насінні зачатки – вентральні пучки плодолистків. Насінних зачатків по 2 в кожному гнізді, слід насінного зачатка однопучковий. Вище гнізд зав’язі вентральні та дорзальні пучки плодолистка закінчуються сліпо. Сліди зовнішніх та внутрішніх листочків оцвітини та сліди тичинок однопучкові.
Нові отримані нами дані допомогли поглибити знання про морфологію та васкулярну анатомію квітки Allium cepa та допоможуть порівняти отримані морфологічні та анатомічні особливості з ознаками, вивченими раніше, для представників родини Amaryllidaceae з метою подальшого їх використання в систематиці.
Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids
Liliaceae
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The experiment was set up to resolve the controversy about uniform retention of B chromosomes at various ploidy levels. This paper presents the ploidy response of B chromosome in root meristem of Butea monosperma-a tree, growing around Lucknow. The root tips had euchromatic distinguishable 1B chromosome which showed different behaviour at different ploidy levels. On treatment with 0.2% aqueous colchicine different levels of ploidy were observed. Tetraploids and mixoploids showed 2B chromosomes instead of 1B chromosome as in diploid i.e. B chromosome divides along with A chromosome showing behaviour similar to A chromosome. But in few tetraploids, mixoploid cells and one octaploid cell undivided 1B chromosome like diploids was observed.
Chromosome number
Polyploid
B chromosome
Root tip
Colchicine
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Callus
Chromosome number
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Abstract Galtonia ’Moonbeam’ is shown to be a tetraploid. Details of the chromosome number and karyotype are presented in comparison with those of Galtonia candicans (Baker) Decne. The significance of increased ploidy level is discussed and contrasted with increased ploidy levels reported in other bulbous ornamental plants.
Polyploid
Chromosome number
Ornamental plant
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Chromosome doubling of mulberry induced by chemical and physical methods usually occurs in portions of meristematic cells. The induced mulberry tissues could form mixoploid individual plants through asexual reproduction. In order to identify the percentage of cell ploidy among mixoploid individuals quickly and accurately,we detected the chromosomal ploidy of leaf,bud and stem respectively by flow cytometry at DNA level. The detection results of diploid and triploid mulberry were consistent with those examined by chromosome tabletting method. However,among the tested mulberry which was identified as tetraploid by chromosome tabletting method,only sample 403-1 was identified as tetaploid by flow cytometry,while sample 403-9 was identified as triploid and the others were found to be mixoploid with different proportions of diploid and tetraploid cells. Moreover,the proportions of ploidy cells varied between individual plants and different organs. These results showed that chromosomal ploidy of mulberry can be detected accurately by flow cytometry,which would facilitate researches on the formation mechanism of mulberry mixoploidy and the asexual separation and purification regularity of polyploidy,expedite screening for excellent individual plants,and improve breeding efficiency for polyploid mulberry.
Polyploid
Chromosome number
Endoreduplication
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