Formation of Silica Precipitates on Membrane Surfaces in Two and Three Dimensions
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Ether lipids with alkyl chains of uniform length and varying amine headgroups were synthesized and assembled into bilayer structures in aqueous solution, which served as templates for the formation of silica in two and three dimensions produced under ambient conditions. Dynamic light scattering revealed that unilamellar vesicles of the aminolipids are formed by the extrusion method. The alkylation of the polar amine headgroup was systematically increased from a primary, secondary, and tertiary amine to a quaternary ammonium salt, and the amount of silica was quantified by the beta-silicomolybdate method as a function of the headgroup. A lysinol-connected ether lipid harboring two primary amine groups was also investigated. This variation enabled us to compare the influence of the headgroup on the properties of the precipitated silica in detail. By spreading of unilamellar aminolipid vesicles onto planar silicon substrates, two-dimensional planar bilayers can be produced. By means of ellipsometry in conjunction with atomic force microscopy, we were able to demonstrate that very thin silica layers with a thickness of a few nanometers are formed within minutes on the surface of the aminolipid bilayers. All layers are composed of silica nanospheres, and the thickness turned out to be independent of the amine headgroup.Membrane Fouling
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Ion selective alumina membranes and silica-coated membranes are studied to generate electric power from a concentration gradient by reverse electrodialysis. The surface in alumina membranes is usually positively charged when contacting an electrolyte. In alumina membranes, pore interior has higher positive ions than negative ions. On the other hand, the surface in alumina membranes with silica coating is usually negatively charged when contacting an electrolyte. Consequently, alumina membranes are ionic selective for positive ions and silica-coated membranes are ionic selective for negative ions. It is much easier to manufacture the porous membranes than ion exchange membranes. When an electrolyte concentration gradient is applied between the membranes, electric power is generated. Experimental investigation is conducted for the power generation from these alumina membranes and silica-coated membranes placed between two sodium chloride solutions with constant concentration ratio. Ion selectivity of alumina membranes and silica-coated membranes is constant as concentrations of the solutions increase. Due to relatively easy and low cost fabrication processing of alumina membranes, power generation from concentration gradients with alumina membranes could be widely used in a various application area.
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Abstract Twelve kinds of cation‐exchange membranes were treated with hydrogen peroxide. Some of them (Selemion CMV, Nepton CR‐61, Scrion C‐100, SAM‐1) were completely destroyed. Heterogeneity is believed to be present in that part of their chemical structures that is decomposable by the treatment. The other membranes were converted into porous membranes by the decomposition of the resinous part. Water permeabilities and electric resistances of the porous membranes were examined to evaluate the pore radius. It was concluded that the “paste method” membranes have a heterogeneity or localized distribution of the resinous part under 50 mμ. The “paste method” membranes seemed to resemble the “graft method” membranes in chemical structure and to be much different from the mosaic‐type membranes such as Permaplex and MC‐3142. These results were also supported by extraction of the membranes with appropriate solvents and observation by electron microscopy.
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
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