Survival in diploid and triploid Pacific salmon hybrids
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Taking the method of artificial inoculation,the resistance of 920 maize hybrids to head smut were identified and evaluated.The result showed that 1.3% maize hybrids were highly resistant,10.1% maize hybrids were resistant,12.6% maize hybrids were moderately resistant,62% maize hybrids were susceptible and 20% maize hybrids were highly susceptible.Test of maize hybrid in different areas and types showed that 37.8% later-maturing maize hybrids and 23.3% succulence maize hybrids,18.5% early-maturing maize hybrids,17.5% summer-planting maize hybrids and 16.7% special-early-maturing maize hybrid,8.6% waxy maize hybrids and 5.4% sweet maize hybrids were moderately-highly resistant.Among 160 authorized maize hybrids,there were 4 highly resistant,11 resistant and 19 moderately resistant.
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Polyploid
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Cellular ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell. Many eukaryotic species have two (diploid) or more than two (polyploid) sets of chromosomes (1). These diploid and polyploid states are often the result of ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD) or hybridization events that occurred throughout the evolution of plants, animals, and fungi (2 – 4). Ploidy changes also occur during the development of many organisms and can vary within different tissues of the same organism and between individuals of the same species. For example, ploidy changes occur during the sexual cycle of eukaryotes, from haploid gametes to diploid somatic cells. Additionally, some cells continue to increase in ploidy during development, resulting in somatic tissues that have a mixture of diploid and polyploid cells, including human hepatocytes and megakaryocytes (5 – 7). These ongoing, developmentally programmed changes in ploidy are important for viability and are beneficial to many organisms (8), but the mechanisms controlling ploidy and the physiological significance of each ploidy level are not well characterized.
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Potential female parents of sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, hybrids are male sterilized before their combining abilities are determined. This procedure necessitates considerable time and effort before the lines can be tested for combining ability. It would be advantageous to identify the highest combining potential females before they are sterilized, thus reducing the number of lines to sterilize for final testing. Our study was organized to determine if the yields of three‐way‐cross hybrids could be used to predict the expected yields of single‐cross hybrids. Eighteen three‐way‐cross hybrids and 12 related singlecross hybrids were compared in each of 2 years. Single crosses were A‐lines ✕ R lines, and three way crosses were (A‐lines ✕ B‐lines) ✕ R‐lines. Analysis of variance indicated yield differences among hybrids and contrast analyses indicated lack of differences in most comparisons of single‐cross hybrids with three related three‐way‐cross hybrids. It was concluded that comparison of the performance of three‐way‐cross hybrids of the lines used would have effectively identified the best potential female parents of single‐cross hybrids.
Sorghum bicolor
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The aim of the research was to find out whether registered hybrids have the best formula or not. The experimental material consisted of four commercial hybrids: BLASK, GROM, WIARUS and WILGA, and 17 experimental hybrids obtained from the same or related lines. The material was divided into the following groups: 1) SC hybrids: BLASK, and GROM and 7 related hybrids, 2) TC hybrids: WIARUS and 8 related hybrids, 3) TC hybrid WILGA and 2 related hybrids. In the first group one experimental hybrid yielded the same as BLASK, while four other hybrids yielded as well as GROM. In the second group the experimental hybrids did not differ significantly in yield compared to WIARUS. in the third group WILGA appeared to have the optimal formula.
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Twelve wild mulberry varieties are crossed with 6 cultivars of mulberry. Thirty two distant combinations of differ ploidys are obtained. Among them, the seed formation and survival rate of seedlings of hybrids of wild diploids × diploid cultivars are higher than that of hybrids of wild hexaploids ×diploid cultivars; and hybrids of diploid cultivars × wild diploids are higher than that of hybrids of diploid cultivars × wild hexaploids ; and hybrids of cultivars × wild mulberry are higher than that of hybrids of wild mulberry × cultivars.
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ABSTRACT We compared the grain quality of Chinese single‐cross maize ( Zea mays L.) initially released during the 1960s to 2000s, their parental inbreds, and a set of U.S. hybrids released during the 1960s and 2000s. Chinese hybrids showed lower starch concentrations and higher oil and protein concentrations compared with U.S. hybrids. Chinese hybrids showed a decadal increase of 0.81% in starch concentration, whereas U.S. hybrids showed an increase of 0.57%. Grain quality concentrations of Chinese hybrids exhibited more significant interactions with either planting density or with planting density × environment than did U.S. hybrids. Concentrations of oil, protein, and lysine decreased for Chinese hybrids, which coincided with the introduction and extensive use in China of U.S. maize germplasm during the 1970s and 1980s. Chinese hybrids released during the 1990s had similar kernel compositions to the U.S. hybrids. The kernel quality composition of Chinese hybrids and their mean parent values showed very similar trends during the 1960s to 2000s. Selection for high grain quality parental inbred lines in addition to selection for yield per se will be required if it is deemed important to elevate the grain quality attributes of Chinese maize hybrids.
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Grain Quality
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Corn seed agronomists often talk about and suggest growers plant these hybrids on their best producing soils. They imply that hybrids yield higher than other hybrids in high yielding environments. We questioned whether hybrids exist among commercially available corn hybrids. If so, what is their yield advantage in high yielding environments and how do they perform in low yielding environments? A total of 13,174 corn hybrids grown at three or more locations from 1,904 experiments conducted by several Midwest university corn performance trial programs were evaluated to determine yield response over environments. The concept of racehorse and stable hybrids will be presented and discussed relative to a grower's management decision of choosing hybrids for their farm. Only 3-4% of the hybrids tested could be classified as hybrids.
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Chromosome pairing
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