The “Kirghiz frontier” and the frontier volosts of the Tomsk Uyezd in the 17th century: formulation of the problem and a review of research
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Yuri Kazepov (Ed.), Cities of Europe: Changing Contexts, Local Arrangements, and the Challenge to Urban Cohesion (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005).Integrated in the series of Studies in Urba...
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Assuming tourism as a place oriented activity, where tourism flows often cross regional borders, local and global indicators of spatial autocorrelation can be useful tools to identify and explain different patterns of regional tourism dynamics and their determinants. These techniques recently became widely used in applied economic studies, as a result of their useful insights to understand spatial phenomena and benefiting from the existence of georeferenced data and adequate software tools. This tendency is also observed in the tourism sector in the last few years, although the application of these methodologies is still scarce in tourism studies. In this work, these methodologies are applied to the case of the Japanese Prefectures, leading to the identification of different patterns of spatial heterogeneity and agglomeration processes related to regional tourism dynamics in Japan, with a view on policy and managerial recommendations. The results clearly reveal the existence of such spatial effects, reflecting the importance of central areas of Japan in terms of tourism performance. It was also possible to observe that regions where tourism plays a more prominent role in terms of its importance within regional employment do not present a relatively high performance in terms of economic growth.
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The concept of the "frontier," conceived by F.J. Turner for North America and applied to Eurasia by O. Lattimore and others, does not refer to a state border, but to a transitional zone between different geographic, socio-economic, political, religious and cultural spaces. From the15th to 18th centuries, the Russian steppe frontier in the south and southeast was a relatively stable military frontier between the sedentary Christian Russians and the nomadic Muslim Turks and Lamaist Mongols. The frontier was simultaneously a zone of intensive commercial and diplomatic interaction. Only during the 18th and 19th centuries did the steppe frontier become an area of settlement and extraction. Another example, the forest frontier in Siberia, was extractive frontier from the beginning, an area where an economy based on furs and precious metals pushed the frontier rapidly forward. Only its southern sections gradually became a settlement frontier. On the steppe frontier, Russians and the militarily superior nomads were generally on equal terms through the 18th century, whereas the Siberian indigenes were quickly subjugated by Russia and had to pay tributes in furs. Along the rivers of the steppe frontier, the military frontier communities of free Cossacks emerged on the forest frontier as trappers. Cossacks, tradesmen and settlers developed a "Siberian mentality" of free, enterprising pioneers. So the famous "Turner thesis" can be applied to Russia, but only to the peripheral regions of the Cossacks and Siberia, and not to Russia as a whole.
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Andrew Hess. The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978. 211 pp. Notes, bibliographic essay, index, tables, illus. - Volume 13 Issue 2
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On a regional scale, two types of polycentricity can be observed. The first involves polycentric metropolitan regions that have evolved in the course of post-suburban development around a previously monocentric city, whereas the second type involves neighbouring metropolises evolving into a multi-core polycentric metropolitan region due to an increase in the functional interaction between each other. The German urban system is characterised by both types of polycentricity. In this paper I examine the role of these two types of polycentricity within the context of globalisation. I address the question of whether individual metropolitan cores and metropolitan cores and their associated post-suburban areas share the global functions of a metropolitan region or whether such functions are concentrated in a single city within the metropolitan region. To this end, I analyse the locations of leading global advanced producer service firms in Germany in their role as sub-nodes of the world city network. Finally, I discuss the empirical findings in the context of modelling the world city network.
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This essay explores the ways in which the electronic frontier builds upon the mythology of frontier expansion generally and the western American frontier in particular, including economic opportunity, danger/uncertainty, individualism, outlaw behavior, vigilantism, and nostalgia.
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This article provides a model for the analysis of China's land and maritime frontiers through early imperial history (through the first millennium C.E. ), arguing that three basic types of frontier existed: the "static continental frontier," the "expanding continental frontier," and the "maritime frontier." Through his definition of "frontier" and a comparative discussion of the dynamics of all three frontier types, and with reference to the better known analyses of frontiers in the histories of Europe and North America, the author approaches all frontiers as zones of conflict between civilization and barbarism.
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Since introduced reform and opening policies,the frontier trade,bi-lateral communication and frontier ports of southwest frontier keep increasing,bringing prosperous view to the frontier area of the southwest.The control over frontier,however,has encountered some unavoidable problems.Solutions: 1.emphasizing the consciousness of immigration control;2.allocating and running immigration control points properly;3.utilizing the frontier ports;4.prescribing proceedings and procedures of immigration control clearly; 5.issuing certificates for tourists under strict rules;6.enhancing construction of the frontier controlling teams.
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This paper develops multiple indicators to map the geographical distribution of knowledge and scientific and technological capabilities as proxies of the geographical distribution of Science, Technology & Innovation activities, and applies such indicators to data and information from the state of SA£o Paulo, Brazil. The overall view of the geographical distribution of S,T&I activities in the state is complemented by the analysis of the same activities in the perspective of a local production and innovation system: the case of information and communication technologies in the micro-region of Campinas. The results show a pattern for the regional distributions of S,T&I activities along the main highways of the state, around metropolitan areas such as SA£o Paulo and Campinas, and in regions where educational, science and technology, and R&D institutions are strongly concentrated. Firms tend to agglomerate in these areas and regions, forming local production and innovation systems. The paper produces evidence on the adherence of the geographical distribution of those systems to the geographical distribution of S,T&I activities as shown by the indicators. This confirms the empirical findings of the literature about the relationship between geography and innovation.
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