A four channel polarization and wavelength separation element using substrate-mode stacked holograms
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A four channel polarization and wavelength separation element using substrate-mode stacked holograms is proposed based on the diffraction efficiency characteristics for polarization and the wavelength selectivity of a transmission-type phase volume grating. We fabricated a sample device and measured its polarization selectivity, output spectrum, and insertion loss of each channel to demonstrate its performance.Keywords:
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A photopolymerizable holographic material has been obtained and characterized using agent N,N′-dihydroxiethylenbisacrylamide as crosslinking. A sensitivity of 5 mJ/cm2 and a diffraction efficiency around of 70% have been reached for holograms recorded at 633 nm with a spatial frequency of 1000 lines/mm. High sensitivities can be obtained with low intensities, and this is important in applications such as holographic interferometry and the fabrication of holographic optical elements.
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Holographic interferometry
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This paper discusses a method for obtaining multiplex holograms on Diffen polymeric recording medium with independent heating of the superimposed hologram-gratings. The parameters of the holograms are measured at various stages, and it is shown to be possible to obtain six hologram-gratings with 50% diffraction efficiency in the linear recording regime on a sample 2.3 mm thick.
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Optical coupling between preferential-order volume diffraction grating couplers fabricated on independent substrates is demonstrated. The coupling efficiency between gratings is quantified as a function of both grating and waveguide fabrication technology and relative angular position of the two substrates. A maximum grating-to-grating coupling efficiency of 31% is reported for coupling between two nonoptimized, nonfocusing, unpatterned volume grating couplers.
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Electromagnetically induced grating
Waveguide
Ultrasonic grating
Guided-mode resonance
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Poly(tBOC)styrene is a sensitive (<0.5-mJ/cm 2 ) photodeformable holographic medium that supports high-efficiency surface relief gratings and moderate efficiency index gratings. The development of the holograms is especially simple, requiring only that the medium be heated to ~100°C for 2 min. The diffraction efficiency for the first order in reflection is higher than 10% for spatial frequencies below 500 lines/mm, but there is no regime where a linear relationship exists between exposure and efficiency. This medium is eminently suitable for the production of holographic optical elements intended for use in the ultraviolet. An off-axis zone plate made by aluminizing a relief hologram fully depletes the zero-order beam and produces a first-order focused spot within 30 % of the diffraction limit. Such tightly focused beams can be used for ablating patterns in many materials.
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Polystyrene
Reflection
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Holograms show promise as optical interconnects both for electronic intra and interchip applications and for numerical optical computing. We are concerned with applications where it is desirable to store many interconnects in the same hologram while maintaining good diffraction efficiency. To deal with the problem of low-diffraction efficiencies present in holographic materials with many superimposed exposures, resonant mirrors are added to reflect the light back and forth through the hologram, thus increasing reconstruction efficiency. Up to 100% efficiency is possible in lossless multiexposure holograms.
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We consider several aspects of holographic optical interconnects. First we outline the various categories of holographic interconnects. We then show that obtaining a large number of superimposed holographic interconnects, all of high efficiency, in one hologram is difficult with present materials. Resonant mirrors around the hologram are suggested as a solution. It is shown that, with four mirrors around a lossless hologram of low diffraction efficiency, it is possible to choose mirror reflectivities to provide 100% diffraction efficiency. Angular beam widths and a recommended configuration are also presented.
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Optimum conditions for the generation of high-efficiency hologram gratings are presented. The most efficient phase holograms were obtained for exposures 10 to 20 times larger than those for optimally exposed amplitude holograms. Hologram gratings produced on Agfa Gevaert 8 E 70 recording plates diffracted 40 percent of the incident radiation into the holographic image. This experimentally obtained efficiency is 60 percent of the theoretical maximum for a hologram with a geometric parameter Q of 4.6.
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Multiple exposure
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Volume hologram
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One of the factors determining the diffraction efficiency of the grating of a surface-relief hologram is the refractive index of the material. The refractive index of the photopolymer constituting a reproduced grating is smaller than that of the photoresist constituting the master grating. To reproduce the grating with a high diffraction efficiency, we studied how to optimize the grating shape. We found that a grating 0.5 μm wide required a master grating 0.9 μm wide to get the highest diffraction efficiency and that the reproduced grating had to be at least 1 μm deep. We fabricated a master and stamp and replicated gratings with a diffraction efficiency of 78 ±5%.
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Electromagnetically induced grating
Ultrasonic grating
Photoresist
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Holographic gratings stored in low-toxicity photopolymer, Biophotopol, have been analyzed to achieve stable and efficient holograms. A curing process allows the hologram stabilization, but at the same time, it could produce a diffraction efficiency (DE) reduction. Here, a detailed low-cost LED curing protocol is shown to stabilize over time 1205 l/mm transmission holograms, and at the same time, a 33% DE increment (with respect non-curing holograms) have been demonstrated. Finally, to obtain a better understanding of DE change, a theoretical fit of our experimental result, based on Kogelnik's coupled wave theory was carried out and discussed.
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