Calculated absolute cross sections for the electron-impact ionization of the lanthanide atoms using the Deutsch-Märk (DM) formalism
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We report electron impact ionization cross section measurements for electron impact single ionization of Fe12 + forming Fe13 + and electron impact double ionization of Fe12 + forming Fe14 +. These are the first electron impact ionization data for any Si-like ion uncontaminated by an unknown metastable fraction. Recent distorted wave calculations agree with our single ionization results to within ∼15%. Double ionization is dominated by inner shell ionization of a 2l electron resulting in autoionization of a second electron as the inner shell hole is filled.
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三价的 lanthanide 离子显示迷人的光性质。相应元素和他们的第一工业使用的发现亲密地被连接到他们的光性质。这种关系被使活着直到什么时候的今天象节省精力的灯光的设备，显示，光纤维和放大器，激光，为生物医学的分析并且在察觉到的 celluio 的应答的光污点和成像那样的包含 lanthanide 材料的许多高科技应用，重重地依靠 lanthanide 离子的灿烂、纯颜色的排放。在这评论，我们首先在 f-f 转变，促进感受性机制，和对包含 lanthanide 的光效率的评价上与强调构画出 lanthanide 光的基础放射性的分子的大厦。强调然后被放在 lanthanide 光的二个快发展中方面上：为电信和轻射出二极管的材料，和生物医学的成像并且察觉到。在为塑料放大器和波导的射出 NIR 材料的最近的进展被描述，和最小化激动的状态的非放射的释放的研究人员带的主要答案。在 1999 那耳 tris (8-hydroxyquinolinate ) 的示范显示了合适的明亮绿的排出物因为射出二极管(OLED ) 的器官的光被认识到在 OLED， 25% 刺激精力导致汗衫状态， 75% 说到三位字节跟随。因为 lanthanide 离子是好三位字节，熄灭 ers，他们现在也在这些灯光的设备的发展起一个关键作用。生物分子的光分析在知道的最敏感的分析技术之中。lanthanide 的长一生使状态激动允许解决时间的光谱学被过去常，压制样品汽车荧光并且到达很低的察觉限制。可见 lanthanide 传感器现在无所不在地不仅在医药诊断并且在房间成像被规定，而且使用象 Yb (III ) 那样的离子的 NIR 排放的可行性现在是因为更深的穿入，在生物纸巾被测试。
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In this paper, we give a description of recent progress on the measurements of electron-impact K-shell ionization cross-sections of atoms in the keV energy range. We present our experimental method of using thin targets with thick substrates and our measurements taken recently to improve the accuracy of the experimental data by an example of measuring K-shell ionization cross-section for Cr element within the incident energy of less than 26 keV. We also compare the K-shell experimental data sets available for 8 low-Z elements and 16 medium- and higher-Z elements in the keV energy range with some theoretical models and empirical formulae. The general comments on the status of measurement and comparison with theories for atomic K-shell ionization cross-section by electron impact are given.
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Ionization potentials (IP) of H2O and alkali atoms, excitation energies (EE) of H2O, and electron affinities (EA) of alkalies are calculated by the open-shell coupled-cluster method with double excitations only (CCD). Comparison with previously reported computations including single and double excitations (CCSD) gives the contributions of the singles. These are very small (0.02 eV) for alkali atom IPs, larger (up to 0.09 eV, or 20%) for alkali EAs, and about 0.2 eV for the water molecule IPs and EEs. One-half of the effect in water is assigned to single excitations from the closed shells.
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The cross section of inner-shell excitation followed by auto-ionization and total ionization cross section of lithium-like ions by electron impact have been calculated by using a distorted wave Born exchange approximation. The comparison of present data with close-coupling calculation and experimental measurement is satisfactory.
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Electronegativity
Coordination number
Lanthanide contraction
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Cross Section Ratios for the Electron Impact Production of Singly and Multiply Ionized Rare Gas Ions
Electron impact ionization of He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe has been studied with a double focussing mass spectrometer Varian MAT CH5. Ratios of various multiple ionization cross sections with respect to single ionization cross sections for He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe at electron energies of 50, 100 and 150eV are given. These cross section ratios are compared with previous determinations.
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Gas-phase metal clusters have been a subject of research interest for allowing reliable strategies to explore the stability and reactivity of materials at reduced sizes with atomic precision. Here we have prepared well-resolved copper cluster anions Cun– (n = 7–37) and systematically studied their reactivity with O2, NO, and CO. We found remarkable stability of an open-shell cluster Cu18–, which is comparable with the closed-shell clusters Cu17– and Cu19– within the picture of an electronic shell model. Even without having a magic number of valence electrons, intriguingly, the unpaired electron on the singly occupied molecular orbital of Cu18– is mainly contributed by the central copper atom, while the other 18 delocalized valence electrons occupy the lower-energy superatomic orbitals of the cluster. The finding of such an open-shell superatom Cu18–, with an electron configuration of 1S21P61D102S1||1F0, is interesting in the sense that an elementary cluster of coinage metal atoms could still behave as a superatom mimicking coinage metals like silver or gold atoms with an empty f orbital. The superatomic stability of this Cu18– cluster is reinforced by the unique electrostatic interaction between the Cu– core and Cu17 shell, which provides new insights into the chemistry of metal clusters.
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