Mortality estimation from carcass searches using the R‐package carcass — a tutorial
Fränzi Korner‐NievergeltOliver BehrRobert BrinkmannMatthew A. EttersonManuela HusoDan DalthorpPius Korner‐NievergeltTobias RothIvo Niermann
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This article is a tutorial for the R‐package carcass . It starts with a short overview of common methods used to estimate mortality based on carcass searches. Then, it guides step by step through a simple example. First, the proportion of animals that fall into the search area is estimated. Second, carcass persistence time is estimated based on experimental data. Third, searcher efficiency is estimated. Fourth, these three estimated parameters are combined to obtain the probability that an animal killed is found by an observer. Finally, this probability is used together with the observed number of carcasses found to obtain an estimate for the total number of killed animals together with a credible interval.Keywords:
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Theoretical bases for the necessity of land’s economic estimation have been disclosed. Peculiarities of developing the ways of agricultural land estimation in Ukraine have been researched as well as the methods of land estimation in Ukraine which will allow the precise estimation of national wealth, taking into account its ecological state, have been suggested. Розкрито теоретичні основи необхідності економічної оцінки земель. Досліджено особливості розвитку способів оцінки земельних угідь сільськогосподарського призначення і запропоновано спосіб оцінки земель України, який дозволить точно визначити вартість національного багатства країни з урахуванням їх екологічного стану.
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Measurement involves actual measuring or estimating to generate a quantitative understanding of a phenomenon. Estimation in particular refers to the process of obtaining measurements without a measuring tool. This paper aims to investigate didactical implications for estimation by analyzing the estimation activities of textbooks. To this end, we focused on estimation activities in elementary school mathematics textbooks from the seventh to the 2015 revised national curriculum, analyzing them based on activity quantity, estimation type, and estimation strategy. As regards length, the estimation activities were presented appropriately in terms of quantity, type, and strategy. However, other attributes were insufficient in quantity while some activities showed biases and limitations with few estimation strategies to use in a variety of contexts. Based on these results, we propose the inclusion of achievement standards for time, area, and volume and argue that the textbook should address various types of and strategies for estimation activities.
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A concept “Estimation of personnel” is considered in the article, the criteria of estimation of personnel are exposed, the system of estimation of personnel is described, the traditional and modern methods of estimation of personnel are analysed.The problem of introduction of modern methods of estimation of personnel is studied on the Ukrainian enterprises, the methodsof its permission are offered Рассмотрено понятие “оценка персонала”, выявлены критерии оценки персонала, описана система оценки персонала, проанализированы традиционные и современные методы оценки персонала. Изучена проблема внедрения современных методов оценки персонала на украинских предприятиях, предложены способы ее разрешения
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According to the comparison of the estimation and the budgetary estimate,the paper analyzes the influence of the costs of the estimation indexes and the changes of the materials prices under the current costs system on the estimation,and points out the methods to have the reasonable control over the estimation,so as to have the direction for the reasonable control over the estimation of the road projects.
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We made in this paper a brief analysis of the following statistics: Intermediate Statistics, Parastatistics, Fractionary Statistics and Gentileonic Statistics that predict the existence of particles which are different from bosons, fermions and maxwellons. We shown the fundamental hypothesis assumed in each one of the above mentioned statistics and their main predictions and compared them with experimental results. Taking into account the works done about these statistics we could say that there is a tendency to believe that real particles, that is, those that can be observed freely, can be only bosons, fermions and maxwellons and that all other particles, different from these would be quasiparticles. Up to date in 3-dim systems only bosons, fermions and maxwellons have been detected freely. Recently in 2-dim systems have been detected the quasiparticles named anyons that have fractionary charges and spins.
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We provide an overview of the estimation methods that software companies apply to estimate their projects, why those methods are chosen, and how accurate they are. In order to improve estimation accuracy, such knowledge is essential. We conducted an in-depth survey, where information was collected through structured interviews with senior managers from 18 different companies and project managers of 52 different projects. We analyzed information about estimation approach, effort estimation accuracy and bias, schedule estimation accuracy and bias, delivered functionality and other estimation related information. Our results suggest, for example, that average effort overruns are 41%, that the estimation performance has not changed much the last 10-20 years, that expert estimation is the dominating estimation method, that estimation accuracy is not much impacted by use of formal estimation models, and that software managers tend to believe that the estimation accuracy of their company is better than it actually is.
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본 연구의 목적은 현 2009개정 교육과정 초등학교 2학년 수학 교과에 미비하게 다루어져있는 어림 측정 영역을 강화하여 학생들의 길이 어림에 대한 이해와 어림 능력의 변화를 살펴보는 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 어림 측정 내용을 세 가지 어림 전략을 투입하여 어림을 강화한 수업으로 재구성하여 학생들에게 수업한 후 학생들의 길이 어림에 대한 이해가 길이 어림 능력에 미치는 영향에 대하여 살펴보았다. 연구 결과, 학생들은 어림의 의미를 정확히 이해하고 상황에 따라 적절한 어림 전략을 활용하여 오차를 줄여나가는 모습을 보였다. 또한 어림 전략을 활용하여 문제 해결 과정을 논리적으로 설명하는 능력도 향상되었다. The purpose of this study is the reorganization of the curriculum on the measurement, a part of the second grade math curriculum, for the improvement of the estimation capability in the elementary school students. Research questions were as follows: (1) how are the estimation capabilities of the students who have taken lessons on the diversified estimation strategies? and (2) how are the mathematical writing capabilities of the students who have taken lessons on the diversified estimation strategies? The study using reconstructed lessons was conducted on 18 second grade students in an elementary school located in Seoul. Results show that the students' estimation capabilities and have improved. They started to use 'about' when writing estimation results, different from writing the accurate measurements. Measurement errors were gradually reduced, ending up with a student who could accurately estimate exactly 1m. In addition, their estimation capabilities in using appropriate estimation strategy and writing skills describing the estimation strategy have improved.
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We provide an overview of the estimation methods that software companies apply to estimate their projects, why those methods are chosen, and how accurate they are. In order to improve estimation accuracy, such knowledge is essential. We conducted an in-depth survey, where information was collected through structured interviews with senior managers from 18 different companies and project managers of 52 different projects. We analyzed information about estimation approach, effort estimation accuracy and bias, schedule estimation accuracy and bias, delivered functionality and other estimation related information. Our results suggest, for example, that average effort overruns are 41%, that the estimation performance has not changed much the last 10-20 years, that expert estimation is the dominating estimation method, that estimation accuracy is not much impacted by use of formal estimation models, and that software managers tend to believe that the estimation accuracy of their company is better than it actually is.
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This article uses macro-level data from China, Japan, and South Korea, and employs a counterfactual estimation method to examine the health capacity to work at aged 50 and above. This study finds that, first, the health status of the elderly population in China, Japan, and South Korea has consistently improved from 1982 to 2020, but the labor force participation rate has not seen an equivalent increase alongside the improvement in health. Second, the gap in labor force participation rates of women aged 50 and above between China, and Japan and South Korea has widened over the past two decades, from 0.61% and 1.33% in 2000 to 11.97% and 7.39% in 2020, respectively. Third, based on the counterfactual estimation method and using 1982 as a reference, the additional capacity to work of Chinese individuals aged 50 to 64 in 2020 is estimated to be 16.96% for men and 23.5% for women; whereas for Japanese and South Korean men, the estimates are 4.53% and 12.32%, respectively. Furthermore, it is estimated in 2020 that Chinese men and women aged 50 to 64 will have worked 2.54 years more than they did in 1982, while Japanese and South Korean men are estimated to have worked 1.85 years and 0.68 years more.
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The R package biospear allows selecting the biomarkers with the strongest impact on survival and on the treatment effect in high-dimensional Cox models, and estimating expected survival probabilities. Most of the implemented approaches are based on penalized regression techniques.The package is available on the CRAN. (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=biospear).stefan.michiels@gustaveroussy.fr.Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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