Processing tomato response to soil compaction and fumigation
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Summary. Permanent raised beds coupled with reduced tillage and cover crops are part of the Australian processing tomato industry’s strategy to move towards more sustainable farming practices. As a consequence, crops may be planted into denser soils. Previous work showed that processing tomatoes had considerable tolerance to no-tillage; mild soil compaction reduced vegetative growth but not fruit yield. This field study showed that severe compaction not only reduced vegetative growth, but also extended the duration of the exponential vegetative growth period, so that fruit and vegetative growth were competing for assimilates. Under these conditions, fruit yield was severely reduced. Accurate management of drip irrigation could not compensate for the narrow, non-limiting water range of a compacted soil. Mild water deficits during the late flowering and early fruit growth phase also reduced fruit yield. Pot experiments under controlled conditions revealed an interaction between soil fumigation and tillage management. Soil fumigation improved shoot growth at high and low soil densities with the greatest effects observed below ground; root length was more than doubled when soil cores with a bulk density of 1.79 t/m3 were fumigated. A cover crop of subterranean clover, grown in the off-season winter period, had no effect on fruit yield under non-compacted conditions. The implication is that cover crops, which have been shown to ameliorate adverse soil physical conditions, can only express their potential when soil conditions in a conventionally managed system are suboptimal.Keywords:
Soil Compaction
Vegetative reproduction
Growing season
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Quantitative descriptions are presented for soil compaction profiles in two commercial fields and one experimental field of processing tomatoes. An experimental three-pass reduced tillage system was compared with an eight pass conventional tillage system for postharvest compaction profiles. The reduced tillage system reduced soil compaction to a greater extent than conventional tillage in both the traffic furrows and the cropping zone beds.
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The article discusses a long-term study was initiated in 1987 to determine if different tillage methods would reduce compaction of soil bulk density values during reclamation rather than waiting for problems to appear years later. The method is outlined. The effects of tillage were negated by compacting by scrapers and graders. Treatments to reduce roughness and clods and to reduce rocks didn't significantly affect the bulk density. Tillage methods did not effectively reduce the compaction of the soil.
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This paper focuses on the importance of introduction of conservation tillage and sowing technologies for basic cultivars. Reviewed are advantages and disadvantages of these novel tillage and sowing technologies. It is emphasized that exquisite results of application of these technologies are not to be expected immediately. However, transition from conventional to direct sowing is important from the aspects of environment, energy, and economy. In order to shed more light on ambiguous information on sugar beet yield when using conservation technologies, the authors conducted a comparative experiment to establish the effects of tillage on yield. The same sowing aggregate regimes were applied for both conventional and conservation soil tillage. Sowing was performed varying the depth of seed deposition, and the working speed of the sowing aggregate. Soil compaction on the experimental plot was monitored due to fact that, with conventional tillage technology, compaction has greater impact on growth, development, and yield. Significant differences were established between compactions of soil profiles for the two applied tillage technologies. Soil profile compaction in conventional tillage allows better carrying properties due to vertical orientation of soil porosity. The results of our investigations indicate that conservation tillage favorably influences emergence, growth, and development of crops, and, applied to sugar beet cultivation, it results in a 7% higher yield compared to the already used conventional technology. Conservation tillage contributes to good soil maintenance, regarding both environmental and agricultural aspects, and should see wider domestic application.
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With controlled tillage, the field is divided into traffic to which all wheel is confined and `production where the plants are grown and there is no wheel compaction. Researchers have shown that using this concept can result in significantly lower tillage costs and field work time than with conventional broadcast tillage systems. Most researchers have shown that controlled cotton yields are as high, and are sometimes higher than with conventional tillage. In our research, we have not measured any differences in yield or soil compaction between controlled and conventional tillage systems. Introduction With a conventional broadcast tillage system, tillage operations are performed over the entire surface of the field. These operations criss -cross the field in several different directions, with wheel compaction occurring in random patterns. The resulting compaction is alleviated by deep ripping, usually diagonal or perpendicular to the crop rows. Wheel from subsequent operations immediately begins recompacting the soil after ripping. Research at the National Soil Dynamics Laboratory in Auburn, Alabama showed that the first pass of a wheel causes 70 to 90 percent of the total compaction that can occur (5). Although controlled tillage does not eliminate compaction it does manage it better than conventional tillage, yielding a number of benefits. Managing Compaction Compaction crushes the pores of the soil, which restricts the movement of roots, water, nutrients, and gasses necessary for plant growth. Compacted layers from repeated moldboard plowing at the same depth have been shown to reduce cotton yields (4). Soils low in clay content are especially susceptible to compaction because of their lack of shrinking and swelling action which breaks up and aerates the soil. For moving machinery through the field, compaction can be beneficial. Compaction increases traction, reduces rolling resistance, and helps to support heavy machinery in wet conditions. Seedbed preparation, planting, and cultivating operations are often performed when the soil is near its field capacity in terms of water content. As a consequence, significant compaction invariably occurs in the wheel furrows. With controlled tillage, certain areas of the field are designated as production zones which never receive wheel traffic, while the zones are managed as roadways. Gantry or Wide Tractive Vehicles The ultimate application of this concept is using gantries or wide tractive vehicles. These huge machines span 30 feet or more as they cross the field (Figure 1). The wheels are at the ends of the machine, and run in designated paths, and the areas between the paths never feel the weight of equipment. Researchers have used such machines to measure crop and soil conditions under conditions of no machinery compaction.
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Tillage systems can affect soil compaction, water content, soil temperature, and yields of cultivated plants. This work examined a Vertisol and the influence of the tillage system on soil compaction and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains. The trial was conducted in the vicinity of Požega, Western Serbia, from 2014 to 2017. Four tillage systems (conventional tillage, reduced tillage, disc harrowing, and no-tillage) were applied in the experiment. Tillage systems have significantly influenced soil compaction, measurement time, and soil depth. Mean soil compaction in 2016- 2017 was 1.96 MPa, which was 0.17 MPa lower than in 2014-2015 and 0.30 MPa higher than in 2015-2016. The highest mean wheat yield occurred in the conventional tillage system (4033 kg ha-1), and it was significantly higher than the yield obtained in other soil tillage systems. There was a strong negative correlation between mean wheat yield and soil compaction. It was necessary to apply complete soil tillage to achieve satisfactory wheat grain yields on the Vertisol, which implies plowing and adequate pre-sowing soil preparation.
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Agricultural fields are usually subjected to high amounts of traffic from field operations. The influence of traffic on sandy loam soil in three tillage systems were investigated in a field experiment. The field was located in a Canadian prairie region. In the experiment, the treatments were three tillage systems: no-tillage, disc tillage, and spring-tine tillage. Following tillage operations, field plots were trafficked with one pass of a sub-compact tractor. Soil properties were measured before and after the traffic to examine the effects of tillage systems and wheel traffic. For the effects of the tillage systems on the soil bulk density, soil shear strength, soil surface resistance, and soil cone index, the no-tillage system had higher values for all the soil properties when compared with the disc and spring-tine tillage systems. The plant (canola) population density ranged from 18.2 plants/m2 to 34.9 plants/m2, with the no-tillage having the lowest plant densities. For the effects of wheel traffic, one pass of the tractor in the disc and spring-tine tillage plots resulted in a 2.7% and 17.4% reduction in soil moisture content, respectively. After wheel traffic, the average soil shear strength for the disc and spring-tine systems were still significantly lower than the no-tilled system. Sinkages of 40 and 50 mm were observed for the spring-tine and disc tillage systems, respectively. The results of this study highlight the importance of preventing the demerits of soil compaction induced by wheel traffic after tillage operations.
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Soil compaction effects on maize ( Zea mays L.) plant population, height, and yield were studied from 2002–2005 in a no‐tillage/in‐row tillage study on a Hublersburg silt loam soil (Typic Hapludult) in Pennsylvania. Soil was compacted annually with a three‐axle truck with 10‐Mg axle load mounted with road tires (700 kPa inflation pressure) or flotation tires (250 kPa). In another treatment, soil was only compacted with road tires in the first year without subsequent compaction. Remediation treatments were deep (40 cm) in‐row tillage before or after compaction with road tires and shallow (10 cm in 2002–2003 and 22 cm in 2004–2005) in‐row tillage after compaction. Significant yield reductions averaging 17% in 3 yr out of 4 were observed for annual compaction with road tires compared with control (no‐tillage without compaction). Compaction with flotation tires reduced yield significantly in 1 yr only. Yield reductions due to compaction disappeared after 1 yr. Deep tillage after compaction increased yield (17%) in 1 yr only, whereas shallow tillage did not increase yields. Yield improvements due to deep tillage were lost if it was followed by heavy traffic. Deep tillage and no‐tillage without compaction gave similar yields in the first 3 yr, but no‐tillage had higher yield in 2005. In‐row tillage substantially reduced residue cover. Our results suggest little need for in‐row tillage to manage compaction in long‐term no‐tillage when axle loads are no more than 10 Mg and flotation tires are used to keep inflation pressures below 250 kPa.
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Tillage intensities largely affect soil compaction dynamics in agro-ecosystems. However, the contribution of tillage intensities on compaction changes in underground peanut (Arachis hypogaea) fields has not been quantified. We thus aimed to better understand the role of soil tillage intensities in mitigation of compaction stress for peanuts. Using three field tillage experiments in major Chinese peanut producing areas, we quantified the effects of (1) no tillage, (2) shallow (20 cm) plowing, (3) deep (30 cm) plowing and (4) deep (30 cm) loosening on changes in soil bulk density at 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm depths, roots and pods growth, and nutrient accumulation. Results showed that tillage management effectively mitigated soil compaction stress for peanut growth and production. Greater beneficial improvement for the underground growth of roots and pods, and N accumulation ranked as deep plowing > shallow plowing and deep loosening. Respective increases of 7.5% and 4.6% in root biomass productions and peanut yields were obtained when soil bulk density was decreased by 0.1 g cm-3. Our results suggest that the mitigation of soil compaction stress by deep plowing could be a key tillage strategy for increasing peanut yields in the field.
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Agricultural soil science
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