Stereoselective α-Glycosylation with 3-O-Acetylated d -Gluco Donors
Nikolay E. NifantievNadezhda E. UstyuzhaninaBozhena S. KomarovaNatalya S. ZlotinaVadim B. KrylovAlexey G. GerbstYury E. Tsvetkov
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The effect of a 3-O-acetyl group on the stereoselectivity of α-glycosylation with 2-O-benzylated d-gluco glycosyl donors was studied. It was shown that 3-O-acetylated donors gave α-anomers predominantly or exclusively, whereas glycosylation with the corresponding per-O-benzylated donors afforded mixtures of comparable amounts of α- and β-anomers. The higher α-stereoselectivity in the first case was accounted for by the remote anchimeric assistance of the 3-O-acetyl group, which was confirmed by theoretical calculations.Keywords:
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Trifluoromethylzinc bromide was used to prepare the corresponding glycosyl fluorides from the peracetylated α-pyranosyl bromides of D-glucose 1, D-galactose 3, D-mannose 5, D-lyxose 7, and L-rhamnose 9, respectively, in good yields. D-Glucopyranosyl bromide 1 and the D-galactopyranosyl bromide 3, exclusively delivered the corresponding β-D-glycosyl fluorides 2 β and 4 β. The other bromides 5, 7 and 9 formed mixtures of anomeric fluorides (6 α/6 β, 8 α/8 β, 10 α/10 β). Similarly, the anomeric OH-groups of the D-glycopyranoses 11, 12, 13, 15, 17 could be substituted by fluoride using trifluoromethylzinc bromide/titanium tetrafluoride. In all cases mixtures of anomeric fluorides 2 α/2 β, 6 α/6 β, 14 α/14 β, 16 α/16 β, and 18 α/18 β were obtained.
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Abstract Chemical synthesis of oligosaccharide conjugates is essential for studying the functional relevance of carbohydrates, and this task would be facilitated considerably if reliable methods for the anomeric ligation of unprotected sugars in water were available. Here, a method for the preparation of anomeric glycosyl thiols from complex unprotected mono‐, di‐, and oligosaccharides is presented. By exploiting the neighboring‐group effect of the 2‐acetamido‐group, 1,2‐oxazolines are generated and converted into 1‐glycosyl thioesters through treatment with 1‐thioacids. The unprotected anomeric glycosyl thiolates released in situ were conjugated to Michael acceptors, aliphatic halogenides, and aziridines to furnish versatile glycoconjugates. Conjugation of amino acids and proteins was accomplished using the thiol–ene reaction with terminal olefins. This method gives efficient access to anomeric glycosyl thiols and thiolates, which enables anomeric ligations of complex unprotected glycans in water.
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