Catholic Parish Priests and Birth Control: A Comparative Study of Opinion in Colombia, the United States, and the Netherlands
Gail Anne SheaThomas K. BurchGustavo A. EsguerraMiriam OrdonezJoseph Van KemanadeJan HutjesAndré E. Hellegers
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Abstract:
There is a lack of knowledge concerning attitudes and opinions of parish priests concerning birth control. This exploratory study was undertaken to fill this gap; findings are based on sample survey data of 500 parish priests in Colombia 1711 in the U.S. and 1500 in the Netherlands. Essentially the same questions were asked in all 3 countries. Mail questionnaires were used in the Netherlands and the U.S. Interviewers completed the questionnaire in Colombia. The study indicates that Catholic priests in all 3 countries overwhelmingly accept the idea of family limitation as necessary. Their personal views on the morality of specific birth control methods differ widely depending on the specific method. Their collective opinion revealed significant differences from official teaching particularly in the Netherlands. In Colombia and the U.S. the priests are strongly divided in their opinions. More than 2/3 of the priests in Colombia and the U.S. believed that use of contraceptives leads to a general decline in moral standards; however the Dutch priests are less inclined to have this opinion. Regarding Pope Paul VIs continued ban on contraception 1/3 of the parish priests in Colombia disagree with it and 1/2 of the priests in the U.S. are in disagreement. In the Netherlands the priests and bishops are almost unanimous in their acceptance of contraception. There is definitely a difference of opinion concerning these issues among the Catholic communities of different countries. It appears that the situation is moving toward greater permissiveness in church teaching on contraception. This change appears to be due to the fact that the younger priests are already more permissive than their elders and that this is the trend in the secular culture.Keywords:
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After Madame Sanger Margaret's visit to China in April, 1922, there had been discussions on such topics as the new sexual morality, women liberation, sexual freedom, etc., leading to four debates about birth control. Those people who advocated birth connected it with the social reform and development of the country as a whole, which paved the way for the birth policy of promoting eugenics and birth control of the Kuomintang Government.
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This paper analyzes the nuptiality of Zhejiang Province, China, using data from the 1982 census and the 1-per-1000-population fertility survey. In 1982, the unmarried population in Zhejiang Province accounted for 29.42% of the population aged 15 and over. Unmarried men made up 34.62% of the male population aged 15 and over, while unmarried women made up 23.81% of the female population aged 15 and over. The urban unmarried population is larger than the rural one. The unmarried population is concentrated in the age group 15-27. In 1982, married people accounted for 62.67% of the population aged 15 and over, with 60.27% of the men and 65.26% of the women being married. The marriage age for men is concentrated in the age group 24-29, while the marriage age for women is concentrated in the age group 21-25. In 1982, the widowed population accounted for 7.17% of the population aged 15 and over (3.85% for men and 10.75% for women). In 1982, the divorced population accounted for .74% of the population aged 15 and over (1.26% for men and .18% for women). Remarried women accounted for 6.17% of the married women in the province.
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The history of theories opposing uncontrolled population growth and advocating birth control and family planning, and the debates that took place on this subject, are reviewed. The rapid population growth of recent times, with special emphasis on the case of the underdeveloped countries, and the spreading of birth control programs and policies are discussed. The debate in Brazil, with special reference to legal problems and to the position of the church with respect to birth control, is reviewed and discussed. It is concluded that family planning is necessary and should be favored, but never imposed by the state; it should be a responsible decision of the individuals concerned. Abortion as a birth control method is specifically condemned. Furthermore, the author attacks the advocates of zero population growth, maintaining that resources can be developed to support an increasing population.
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The business of birth control is the first book-length study to examine contraceptives as commodities in Britain before the pill. Drawing on new archives and neglected promotional and commercial material, the book demonstrates how hundreds of companies transformed condoms and rubber and chemical pessaries into consumer goods that became widely available via discreet mail order catalogues, newspapers, birth control clinics, chemists' shops and vending machines in an era when older and more reserved ways of thinking about sex jostled uncomfortably with modern and more open attitudes. The book outlines the impact of contraceptive commodification on consumers, but also demonstrates how closely the contraceptive industry was intertwined with the medical profession and the birth control movement, who sought authority in birth control knowledge at a time when sexual knowledge and who had access to it was contested.
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Medieval and Renaissance tales are remarkable for their frank discussion of sexual practices, including birth control. Italian and French writings are the most explicit. Contraception and abortions are often treated as 'secrets', esoteric practices acquired from experts. The concealment of pregnancy is presented as an alternative form of birth control, often used after the others have failed. In the narratives, the use of birth control is mostly confined to premarital relations, although contraception by married women appears at the end of the period in a few French examples.
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This document provides a profile of the U.S. population in 1979 in terms of: 1) population, size, growth, and distribution, and 2) the social, economic, and racial characteristics of the population. Trends during the 1970s are also noted. The total estimated population of the U.S. in 1979 was 221,719,000. The population increased by 0.9% in 1979 and this increase was slightly larger than the increase in 1978. The increase was due to a slight increase in immigration and a slightly higher birth rate. The birth rate increased from 15.3/1000 population in 1978 to 15.8/1000 population in 1979. The total fertility rate increased from 1800 to 1840/1000 women of childbearing age from 1978-1979. During the 1970s, the total fertility rate decreased 26% and the fertility rate for both blacks and whites declined. Between 1970-1979 the population under 14 years of age declined by 14%, the population 65 years of age or older increased by 24%, and the cohort of 25-34-year-olds increased by 39%. In 1979, 49% of the women, aged 20-24, were never married. In 1960 the respective proportion was 28%. From 1970-1979, the proportion of children under the age of 18 who lived with a single parent increased from 12% to 19%. 91% lived with their mothers in 1979; however, the proportion of those living with their fathers increased over the past year. During the 1970s nursery school attendance increased 71% and about 85% of all young adults completed 12 years of education. In 1979 college enrollment was higher for women than for men due primarily to the high enrollment of older women. The annual rate of population growth in non-metropolitan areas was 1.18% and in metropolitan areas it was 0.73% during 1970-1978. Central cities experienced an annual decline of 0.4% during the 1970s due primarily to out-migration of whites. Northeast and north central regions experienced out-migration and the southern and western regions experienced in-migration. During the 1970s the labor force grew by 24% while the population of 16-year-olds grew by 18%. In 1979, 42% of the labor force was made up by women and 10% by teenagers. Median family income was $17,640 in 1978. The median income for full time workers was $9640 for women and $16,000 for men. 9% of the whites, 31% of the blacks, and 22% of persons of Spanish origin lived at or below the poverty level in 1978. In 1979 the proportion of blacks and of persons of Spanish origin in the noninstitutionalized civilian population was respectively 11.6% and 5.6%. Numerous tables provide information on the U.S. population for 1970-1979.
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As the result of the current situation,traditional birth concept,government and self-defect,eugenics and birth control go to declination.But as a important revolution on Birth Concept in modern China history,it have important effection on woman emancipation and population problem.
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