Changes in hormone and stress-inducing activities of municipal wastewater in a conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plant
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The number of microbreweries in Sweden has grown a lot since 2009, from about 30 to 240 breweries. In the production of beer, wastewater is also produced which must be taken care of to avoid inconvenience to people and the environment. How the wastewater should be treated has been a problem for a couple of breweries. This study is based on a case study, Remmarlov Gardsbryggeri, that needs a new wastewater treatment. Within the case study characteristics in the wastewater was identified by sampling and analysis in the laboratory. The most noticeable results of the sampling of the wastewater were high levels of COD and BOD, high levels of phosphorus in comparison with the levels of nitrogen, and a low pH in the wastewater. To find out what kind of wastewater treatment methods to use at Remmarlov Gardsbryggeri, a survey was made to identify wastewater treatment methods used in Swedish microbreweries. The survey was targeted against major micro breweries in Sweden. The major micro breweries in Sweden was 56 in total, of which 20 of them answered the survey. The survey showed that most of the breweries used municipal wastewater treatment with some pre-treatment in the form of a collection tank, to give more even wastewater, and pH adjustment. Other breweries spread their wastewater on farmland, used an infiltration plant or had an internal wastewater treatment plant. In order to evaluate which wastewater treatment method suited Remmarlov Gardsbryggeri, a matrix was made on the treatment methods identified in the survey. Municipal wastewater treatment has the best degree of purification and control after the treatment but would mean a huge cost for Remmarlov Gardsbryggeri. Using infiltration by sludgy would mean a good degree of purification together with a pre-treatment to lower the level of phosphorus, is easy to control and would therefore be a suitable treatment for Remmarlov Gardsbryggeri. An alternative is spreading the wastewater on farmland or Salix which also have showed good degree of purification and could be controlled due to the farmlands drainage system which ends up in a ditch. (Less)
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Abstract The presence of Microplastics (MPs) in the environment is a serious threat to the health of humans and ecosystems. One common source of environmental MPs pollution is the sludge and effluent discharged by wastewater treatment facilities. Typically, there are no specific measures to remove MPs in treatment plants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the presence of MPs in the inlet wastewater, outlet effluent, and sludge of one of the wastewater treatment plants of Qom city in Iran. Monthly sampling was done in the spring and summer of 2022. A total of 18 samples were obtained from wastewater, effluent, and sludge. MPs were identified and separated according to valid guidelines. MPs were subjected to SEM and µ-Raman analysis for further investigation. The average MPs in wastewater and effluent were 710 ± 34.67 and 51 ± 4.42 (MPs/L), respectively, while it was 30.76×10 3 (MPs/kg) in sludge. The average removal efficiency of MPs in the treatment plant was 97.6%. Overall, polyethylene terephthalate and fibers were the most frequent in the samples. Dominant sizes of MPs in wastewater and sludge were 250–500 µm, while their size in effluent was 250 − 100 µm. Considering the results, it is estimated that 2652×10 6 MPs enter the environment through effluent every day and can lead to air, soil, and surface water pollution. It makes the need for decisions at the international level to reduce the production and consumption of plastics more necessary.
Secondary treatment
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Domestic wastewaters, which cannot be disposed through sewage networks, must be treated with different on-site treatment systems; these are usually commercial, small-scale treatment plants or built sand filters. These systems are usually maintained by the house’s inhabitants. This study was achieved by analysing the chemical and microbiological data of 717 effluents collected in Finland and Sweden. There were inadequate reductions in 31% of phosphorus effluents, 22% of nitrogen effluents and 5% of biological oxygen demand compounds. The addition of a coagulant capable of precipitating phosphorus improved the performance of sand filters and biorotors. There are no legally binding limitations on the number of enteric microorganisms that can be present in an effluent, but the number of Escherichia coli and enterococci exceeded more than 100 colony forming units per 100 mL in 59% and 53% effluents studied, with the highest numbers for these indicators being more than 100,000 cfu per 100 mL. The number of E. coli and enterococci were lower when the concentration of phosphorus in effluent was less than 1 mg/L. The treatment efficiency varied extensively, even between similar plant models, possibly due to either irregular use, or after long pauses, when they were not being used. In addition, it is possible that the end users are not capable of properly maintaining these wastewater treatment plants.
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Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs), if not operated properly, may cause undesirable effects such as eutrophication. Gammams and Otjomuise are two WWTPs, treating domestic wastewater in Windhoek, the capital city of Namibia. Both plants are alleged to cause negative impacts on the environment, through nutrients in their effluent, released into the environment. However, very few scientific studies have been done on the treatment plants to estimate their contribution to eutrophication. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to assess the performance of the two WWTPs, by analysing historical and primary water quality data on the plants’ performance. The variations of water quality and compliance with effluent standards were analysed using influent and effluent time series. The treatment efficiencies of the two plants were determined. The contribution to eutrophication of GWWTP was also estimated using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Approach, using the Centre of Environmental Science of Leiden University (CML) method in the GaBi model. GWWTP complied with the Namibian water quality effluent standards of 2013, for total suspended solids, ammonia, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand, while for the same parameters; Otjomuise’s effluent did not comply. Temperature, pH, and orthophosphates effluent compliance were similar for both treatment plants. There were no significant monthly average variation trends in influent and effluent concentrations between the two treatment plants. Treatment efficiencies for TKN were 94% and 80%, Orthophosphates had 37% and 87% for Gammams and Otjomuise respectively. LCA Approach had the following results, for 2004-14 data, input/influent was 15.9kg while output/effluent was 0.960kg of phosphate loading per unit volume. For 2016 data, input/influent was 18.3kg, while output/ effluent was 3.6kg of phosphate loading per unit volume. The GaBi identified Orthophosphate as the parameter that significantly contributed to eutrophication. Similarly, overall results in assessing the performance of the wastewater treatment plants indicated that orthophosphates were the parameter that significantly contributed to eutrophication. Apart from recommending that the two wastewater treatment plants constantly upgrade the plants regularly, wastewater treatment should transfer enough phosphates to sludge to avoid eutrophication of receiving waters and communities should be sensitized on the use of adding phosphate containing detergents in washing.,WaterNet
Kjeldahl method
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Wastewater must be treated in order to reduce the environmental impact of used water and to ensure the efficient use of its resources. Physical, chemical, and biological treatment techniques are used to treat domestic wastewater. It's crucial to either optimize existing processes for domestic wastewater, which has different characteristics in terms of wastewater characterization, or use appropriate treatment technologies, taking into account the conditions in the region where the plant will be built. In this study, the wastewater treatment plant for the Hakkari city centre, where there is no wastewater treatment plant and wastewater is discharged without treatment, was designed and modeled using the GPS-X simulation program.
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Secondary treatment
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Secondary treatment
Filtration (mathematics)
Dissolved air flotation
Membrane bioreactor
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Treated wastewater is one of the critical practices of sustainable water management. In Palestinian authority region different wastewater technologies are used to produce variety of effluents that are potentially suitable for different purposes. In this study, these different treated wastewater effluents were characterized chemically, biologically, and physically. Results showed that some of these effluents neither comply with Palestinian nor with other global effluent discharge guidelines. Chemical reactivity of five different treated wastewater effluents with chlorine was measured by determining their chlorine demand and total trihalomethane formation potential (TTHMFP). Results showed that different wastewater effluents chemical reactivity with chlorine and TTHMFP is not only dependent on wastewater treatment technology but also is affected by original water source from which was the water emerged. In all cases, measured THMs superseded acceptable drinking water limits. This would indicate responsibility of high percentage of cancer, hepatic and renal diseases among the local people.
Trihalomethane
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Wastewater treatment is an energy-intensive operation. Energy consumption is forecast to increase by 60% in the forthcoming decade due to tightened legislation surrounding the discharge of final effluent to watercourses. Treatment plants rely on the time-consuming and unreliable biochemical oxygen demand to assess the quality of final effluent, leading to process inefficiencies. Here, the authors show that fluorescence spectroscopy is a robust technique for real-time monitoring of changes in effluent quality. Three portable fluorimeters were installed for one month at the final effluent discharge point of a large municipal wastewater treatment plant. The authors show that organic matter composition of the wastewater varies diurnally depending on the flow rate and antecedent rainfall. High fluorescence intensity and ammonia are attributed to sewage sludge liquor, which is regularly discharged to the treatment plant. Moreover, elevated fluorescence intensities were recorded as a result of process failure following a power outage. The study shows that online fluorescence analysis is capable of detecting both minor changes in effluent quality and issues with treatment process performance.
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Abstract
A field study was carried out for influent and effluent wastewater from Two treatment plants in Taiz city. The aim of the study is to evaluate and increase the efficiency of the treatment plants in Al-Buriahy and Nadfood factories (Al-Qurf), in order to ensure the safe and suitable use of wastewater for irrigation. Four samples of sewage were collected from influent and effluent of different locations within the areas of Al-Qurf, Al-Hawjlah, Hidran Al-Dabab and Al-Buraihy. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the samples of the partially treated wastewater compared with the untreated wastewater were higher in total dissolved solids. The values of the trace elements remained at the level of the sewage influent before and after the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy, the level of treatment did not decrease the concentration of a number of these elements. The results of the study indicate that the concentration of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) for effluent wastewater from the treatment plants recorded a significant decrease in their values. In contrast the results were close in the concentration of the BOD5 influent from the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy with the BOD5 concentration effluent from the treatment plant in the Nadfood has, reached 457mg/l, because the influent of the sewage from the industrial processes in the treatment plant of the Nadfood was too high, reaching an average of 7791 mg / l compared with 553 mg / l in the municipal influent sewage at the treatment plant in Al-Buraihy. The results of bacteriological analyses showed that the treated wastewater recorded a significant reduction in the number of fecal coliform compared with the number of fecal coliform at influent from treatment plant at Al-Buraihy area.These indications for treatment in wastewater stabilization ponds in Al-Buraihy, and treatment plant for industrial wastewater, that include the aeration and sedimentation units in Al-Qurf Nadfood factories, indicate that the degree of treatment is below the required level and still exceeds the limit allowed for irrigation purposes according to Yemeni and International standards. This suggests an action of rehabilitation of existing sewerage system, completion of the sewerage network and the establishment of the new treatment plant by using stabilization ponds with floating surface aerator in the facultative ponds at north of Taiz City. In addition, increase the efficiency of the current treatment plant by division of wastewater stabilization ponds in Al-Buraihy, into anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds, providing each pond with two devices/tools to measure the flows, and the establishment of the new treatment plant at the Nadfood factories. It should consist of screening, oil /fat removal, primary and secondary clarifiers, high rate trickling filters (1st and 2nd stage), sludge digester, sand drying beds, and chlorination.
Keywords: Taiz city, sewage, biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform,treatment plant, efficiency, municipal, industrial.
Secondary treatment
Biochemical oxygen demand
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