Sensory and Cognitive Association in Older Persons: Findings from an Older Australian Population
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<i>Background:</i> Explanations for associations found between sensory and cognitive function remain unclear. <i>Objective:</i> To assess in an older Australian population: (1) the correlation between sensory and cognitive function across groups with a narrow age range; (2) any independent association between sensory and cognitive impairment. <i>Methods:</i> We examined 3,509 non-institutionalised residents aged 50+ years in the second cross-sectional survey of the Blue Mountains Eye Study (1997–2000). Visual impairment was defined for best-corrected visual acuity (VA) <6/12 in the better eye, moderate to severe hearing loss for hearing threshold >40 dB (better ear), and likely cognitive impairment for Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) <24 points. <i>Results:</i> We found likely cognitive impairment in 3.3%, vision impairment in 2.7% and moderate to severe hearing loss in 10.5% of this population. Correlation between VA or hearing threshold and MMSE score increased with age. After adjusting for age, weak but significant correlation was evident in the normal ageing sample between vision and MMSE (r = 0.12 with vision items included and r = 0.11 with vision items excluded, both p < 0.0001), and between hearing thresholds and MMSE (r = –0.12, p < 0.0001). After adjusting for age, sex, education and history of stroke, persons with vision impairment had a lower mean MMSE score than those with normal vision, regardless of whether vision-related items were included (27.1 vs. 28.6, p < 0.001) or excluded (19.8 vs. 21.0, p < 0.001). Similarly, persons with moderate to severe hearing loss had a lower mean MMSE score than those without hearing loss (28.1 vs. 28.7, p < 0.001). Persons with likely cognitive impairment also had lower mean VA and higher mean hearing threshold than those without, after adjustment. <i>Conclusions:</i> We have documented an age-related correlation between sensory and cognitive function in a normal ageing sample. The association between sensory impairment and likely cognitive impairment remained significant after excluding vision-related MMSE items and adjusting for confounding factors. Our data suggest that age-related decline and the effect of visual impairment on the measurement of cognition only partly explain the association between sensory and cognitive impairments in older persons.Keywords:
Association (psychology)
While frailty is not an inevitable part of ageing it is more common in older people. Of people over the age of 65 years, 10% have frailty, which rises to between 25 and 50% of those over 85 (Clegg et al 2013). The British Geriatrics Society (BGS) (2014) Fit for Frailty guideline recommends that older people should be assessed for frailty at all healthcare encounters.
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The purpose of the research into association is to help subjects strengthen the sense of it conscientiously and ponder problems by the laws of it.Mathematical association is the guide for exploring the way of mathematical solution,the bridge for the transformation from subjects designing to conclusion making,the cradle of seeking for good soulution in amathematical solution,and the ladder for upgrading mathematical thinking level.Often applied association in mathematical solution includes similar form association,structure association,inverse association,general association,definition regressing association and specialization association.
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Bridge (graph theory)
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Association (psychology)
Free association (psychology)
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To improve our capability of association helps to strengthen our memory in listening comprehension. There are three principal laws of association to follow: close association, contrary association and similar association. For different listening materials, different ways of association can be used, such as culture and background association, semantic coherence association, orientation association, context's contrary association, image association, sequence and scene association.
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어촌지역을 중심으로 형성된 공동체에는 어촌계와 수산업협동조합이 대표적인데, 간혹 지역어민회가 법률관계에서 등장하는 경우가 있다. 지역어민회는 자연발생적 조직도 아니고 법률에 근거하여 설립된 조직도 아니지만, 어촌지역의 어업권소멸에 따른 보상금을 분배하는 과정에서 중요한 역할을 담당하기도 한다. 그렇지만 지역어민회의 법적 성질이 무엇인지, 그리고 지역어민회는 회원이 어떤 과정을 통해 가입되고 탈퇴하게 되는 것인지 등 명확하게 설명되지 않는 부분들이 많다. 본 논문은 어업권소멸에 따른 보상금분배와 관련하여 포항지역어민회에서 실제 다투어진 사례를 중심으로 지역어민회의 법적 성질과 회원의 가입 및 탈퇴와 관련한 문제들을 고찰한다. 이를 위해 수산업협동조합과 어촌계와의 관계, 단체에의 가입행위의 의미, 단체에의 강제가입의 문제, 어업권의 귀속주체와 행사주체 등 관련 문제들에 대해서도 살펴본다. 필자는 본 논문에서 단지 지역어민회의 법적 성질과 가입 및 탈퇴의 문제를 분석하는 것에 그치는 것이 아니라, 본 논문을 통해 가입강제나 총회결의 문제가 회칙에서 회원의 자격을 명시하고는 있지만 실제 회원가입여부가 다투어질 수 있는 단체에 관해 일반적으로 적용될 수 있는 문제임을 강조한다.
Association (psychology)
Voluntary association
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Association ability refers to the ability of the subject to have association activities for the purpose of obtaining effective motive force of development, it forms the fundamental development force of both the subject and the human society. Association ability is the multiplication product of association quantity and association quality. Association quantity refers to the multiplication of association scope, speed and frequency while association quality is determined by a series of association structures, including the structure of association subject, the structure of association object, the structure of association content, the structure of association intermediary, the structure of association subject and object and the structure of association time and space.
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Scope (computer science)
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Journal Article Mobility Assessment Service for Older People Get access M. Hastings M. Hastings Physiotherapy Service for Older People, Vale of Leven District General HospitalAlexandria, G83 0UA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Age and Ageing, Volume 22, Issue suppl_3, 1993, Pages P30-b–P30, https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/22.suppl_3.P30-b Published: 01 September 1993
Elderly people
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The study was conducted in randomly selected three schools of Hisar city Initially, 150 children were selected and tested for their cognitive abilities (using MSCA profile) and availability of cognitive environment in the form of mass-media, literature and play material availability. Chi-square was run to examine the association of cognition with cognitive environment. The results revealed that the association of mass-media and subaspects of cognition was found to be non-significantly association except with total cognition. Quantitative and memory aspects of cognition show significant association with literature availability whereas the association of all cognitive aspects came to be nonsignificant with play material availability.
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Association data for 20 words were obtained through two methods, single word association and continued association. Response frequencies in single word association were correlated with response frequencies in continued association and with a measure of association strength in continued association which took into account frequency and average order of emission of response words. The latter correlations ranged from .52 to .94 and were in each case higher than the corresponding frequency-frequency correlations. It was concluded that continued association and single word association produce similar response hierarchies and that order of emission is related to association strength in continued association. It was suggested that the order of emission-frequency measure developed in this paper may be an economical and perhaps useful measure of association strength.
Association (psychology)
Word Association
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Through analyzing the completion of puberty color aesthetic activity form of thinking,with short,intermittent,jump and change characteristics,it clarifid the characteristics of youth color aesthetic association,they are image association,artistic conception association,Idea association,emotion Lenovo,semantic association,etc.It classified and further affirmed the youth color aesthetic association is uncertainty network structure between concrete and abstract according to the qualities of youth thinking.
Association (psychology)
Free association (psychology)
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