A dielectric-based combined horizontal sensor for on-the-go measurement of soil water content and mechanical resistance
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Soil moisture sensor
Tine
Precision Agriculture
Load cell
Purpose: to study the technological process of loosening the soil with a flat-cutting blade and a tine. Materials and methods: the methods of analyzing the power impact on the tine, as well as the theoretical provisions of failure hypotheses are used. As an object of research, the working bodies of tools with a horizontal cutting edge were considered, namely, flat-cutting blades which are used for overall tillage. Results: as a result of studies it was found that the main parameters of flat-cutting blades include: operating width Bi, opening angle 2γ, crumbling angle β0, edge angle i0, band width b, which determine the blades shape and the nature of the impact on the soil. When considering the layout of the soil deformation zones, i. e., the simultaneous combined effect of the tine and plowshares of the horizontal blade, it was found that the zones for obtaining fine soil fractions increase, and a decrease in the thickness t of tine and the operating width of the share B affects the crumbling value. This, in turn, allows regulating the zones for obtaining fine soil fractions and determining the optimal composition of blade width and tine thickness for better crumbling. Conclusions: according to the research results, it was found that the generalized estimated indicator (W) of options for deep tillage ranges from 0.82 to 0.84, for shallow loosening from 0.84 to 0.87, and for surface shallow tillage from 0.845 to 0.870. For loosening soil with mixing crop residues with soil particles, the option W = 0.84 with a vertical tine t = 2.0 cm and a blade operating width of 42.0 cm is acceptable. For surface and presowing tillage, the most suitable options are WX = 0.87 and WXI = 0.85, allowing carrying tillage to a depth of 6–10 cm.
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Experiments were conducted using a 1.5 m high by 1.0 m diameter corrugated steel bin to study the effects of vibmtion on loads acting on the bin wall. The bin was instrumented with force and pressure transducers to measure the vertical forces and lateml pressures. The bin was filled with wheat at 12% wb moisture content and then vibrated for 20 minutes at a frequency of 30 Hz and a vertical amplitude of 10 mm (peak to peak). Vibration increased the lateral pressure near the bin floor from 2.73 to 3.78 kPa, or 39%, and the resultant vertical force from 0.96 to 1.17 kN/m, or 22%. During discharge, no increase in lateral pressure was observed in the lower portion of the bin which was previously subject to vibration, whereas an increase of 31% was measured near the floor in the bin which had not been subject to vibration. The maximum load (static plus dynamic load) that was experienced by the vibrated bin was slightly higher than that by the non-vibrated bin.
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Recent advances in technology and wireless sensor networks made new trends to emerge in agriculture sector. One such new trend is Precision Agriculture(PA). This paper presents an automatic Irrigation Controller for precision agriculture. The irrigation controller regulates the desired moisture level in agricultural soil by making the irrigation pump on or off based on the sensor readings. This controller efficiently monitors moisture level in soil and proves efficient in both dry and heavy rainfall conditions.
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Abstract. Mechanical weeding augmented with automation technology should result in highly effective weeding systems. However, the interaction between weeding mechanisms and soil is not well understood. Moreover, soil is highly variable, which makes studying this interaction challenging. The main objective of this research was to develop a method to investigate the effects of mechanical tool-soil interaction on weeding performance for different operating conditions in a controlled environment. Experiments were conducted in an indoor soil bin with loam soil, and the weeding performance was studied using small wooden cylinders as simulated weed plants. The investigations featured a single cylindrical tine and a rotating tine mechanism, vertically oriented and inserted into the soil. The total width of soil disturbance and potential weeding rate were evaluated for the single cylindrical tine at different levels of three operating parameters: tine diameter (6.35, 7.94, and 9.53 mm), working soil depth (25.4, 50.8, and 76.2 mm), and tine speed (0.23 and 0.45 m s -1 ). Potential weeding rate was examined for the rotating tine mechanism with two operating parameters: working soil depth (25.4 and 76.2 mm) and rotational speed (25, 50, and 100 rpm). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA at p < 0.05. A simulation of the rotating tine mechanism was developed that estimated the disturbed area. For the single tine, soil disturbance width was independent of tine speed; however, tine diameter and depth had significant effects, as the width increased with increased levels of these two parameters. All three parameters had significant effects on the potential weeding rate of the single tine, and the rates were observed to increase with higher levels of the parameters. For the rotating tine mechanism, both depth and rotational speed were significant. The potential weeding rate for the rotating tine mechanism was found to increase with higher levels of these parameters. The results showed that although the width of soil disturbance due to a cylindrical tine was affected by the tine diameter and working soil depth, operating parameters such as increased longitudinal and rotational speeds also affected plant disturbance. The percentage of disturbed soil area in the simulation followed similar patterns as the percentage of disturbed plants observed in the experiments. Keywords: Inter-row weeding, Intra-row weeding, Mechanical weeding, Rotating tine mechanism, Soil disturbance, Tine.
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Abstract Farmers adjust physical weed control (PWC) tools to optimize performance based on soil conditions, as well as the size and species of weeds and crop. These many variables make PWC field research challenging. Research in controlled conditions would reduce variability and allow more rapid testing of PWC tools. To this end, we constructed a soil bin with a mobile tool carriage inside of a heated glasshouse. The soil bin was 2 m wide by 12 m long by 1 m high. The mobile tool carriage can operate PWC tools at 0.4–19.0 km h −1 . Research methods were developed using a tine weeding tool and artificial weeds (AWs). The tine weeder offered uniform soil disturbance and, based on observation, has both uprooting and burial modes of action. Tine speed, angle and depth were evaluated in replicated soil bin and field experiments. Efficacy using AWs in soil bin was similar to efficacy based on surrogate and a real weed in one field experiment, but much greater than values measured in a second field experiment. Despite this inconsistency, we think that the simplified conditions of the soil bin system may be useful to test and prioritize tool settings or adjustments for field studies.
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