Enamel fluoride uptake from mouthrinse solutions with different NaF concentrations
Daisuke InabaKoji KawasakiYouichi IIJIMANobuhiro TaguchiHideaki HayashidaTadashi YoshikawaReiko FurugenEmiko FukumotoTakashi NishiyamaKeiko TanakaOkiuji Takagi
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Abstract – Objectives: The influence on enamel fluoride uptake of reducing the NaF concentration of a mouthrinse solution by half, from 0.05–0.025%, was examined in elementary school children. Methods: The participatory elementary school had employed school‐based fluoride mouthrinse with 0.05% NaF solution since 1983, and in 1993, the NaF content was lowered to 0.025%. Dental examination and enamel biopsy of maxillary central incisors were performed just before the NaF content reduction for children who had received the daily 0.05% NaF mouthrinse for 2–5 years since 6 years of age. During 1993–95, dental examination and enamel biopsy were undertaken for newly enrolled 6‐year‐old children, and the same subjects were re‐examined after 2 years. The same series of examinations were conducted for the control group, which consisted of children belonging to another elementary school without a fluoride program. Results: The enamel fluoride concentration of 8‐year‐old children who used the 0.025% NaF mouthrinse for 2 years was 1810 ± 535 ppm, reaching the same order as that in children who continued using the 0.05% NaF mouthrinse (1863 ± 1358 ppm), and was significantly higher than that of children without fluoride programs (1113 ± 303 ppm). There was no considerable increase of mean DMFT values due to the NaF content reduction. Conclusions: It was concluded that a daily 0.025% NaF mouthrinse provides the similar fluoride content for enamel as 0.05% NaF mouthrinse as long as the rinsing frequency is maintained.The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of surface enamel on the susceptibility of the tissue to acid attack by exposing both unabraded and abraded surfaces to an identical artificial caries system. Enamel from teeth developed in 'low', 'optimal' and 'high' fluoride areas was used for the experiment and the fluoride content of the surface enamel under test was sampled. Results confirmed the protective nature of surface enamel and the resistance of the fluorosed tissue to the artificial caries process. However, no difference was found between enamel from low and optimal fluoride areas in either the fluoride content of the surface enamel or its susceptibility to acid attack. It is, therefore, suggested that the cariostatic effect of fluoride in optimal fluoride areas may well be a result of its topical effect.
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Using a novel device capable of generating plaque in vivo on a natural enamel substrate, it has been possible to determine fluoride profiles from the saliva-plaque interface towards the enamel surface. Fluoride profiles in dental plaques tended to fall from the saliva-plaque interface towards the enamel. The device also offered the possibility of examining fluoride distributions after pre-treatment of the enamel with fluoride in vitro. Fluoride profiles were determined in plaque generated in vivo on enamel surfaces, which had been previously treated with a 900-ppm fluoride solution. The results showed the previously reported fall from the plaque surface, but in addition, a further rise towards the enamel surface was seen. The data imply that enamel loaded with fluoride can release some of this fluoride back into the plaque and may act as a fluoride reservoir.
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The ability of a newly developed urethane lacquer containing silane fluoride (Fluor Protector®) to deposit fluoride in the enamel was tested in vivo using the enamel biopsy technique. The enamel fluoride concentration was measured before, 1 week after a single application or two applications of the lacquer performed with a 1-week interval, and 6 months after two applications. At the depths of 0.5 and 2.0 μm from the enamel surface, the mean fluoride levels increased by about 1,600 and 1,200 ppm (p < 0.001), respectively, after one application, and about 2,800 and 1,800 ppm (p < 0.002), respectively, after two applications. 6 months after two applications, 701 and 50% (p < 0.001) of the fluoride acquired at the two depths, respectively, seemed to be lost, indicating that a substantial part of the fluoride retained 1 week after treatment was not permanently bound in the enamel.
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Sodium fluoride
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Abstract – Fluoride acquisition during topical fluoride treatment was studied after different time intervals, at different concentrations and at different pH. The effects of pretreating the enamel with Ca ++ , and of pre‐etching were also tested. Four experimental groups of repeated measures design were established. Chemical assessments were made of the amounts of fluoride formed on (as alkali soluble fluoride, i.e., calcium fluoride) and in enamel (as firmly bound fluoride). The depositions on enamel were also demonstrated by SEM. The amounts of alkali soluble fluoride on enamel increased with time, concentration, pH‐decrease and calcium availability. The time of exposure seemed to be the major factor. The amounts of fluoride deposited on enamel outranged by far (>70%) the amounts of fluoride acquired in the enamel. The formation of alkali soluble fluoride on enamel is probably limited by the availability of calcium ions. It is suggested that the fluoride on enamel may protect the enamel surface and serve as a reservoir of fluoride.
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A single topical treatment with three different fluoride-containing systems on human enamel resulted both in an enrichment of the F content in the enamel and an accumulation of F reaction products on the enamel surface. The aim of this study was to quantify the fluoridation of an APF gel and two F-containing lacquers and to measure the amounts of KOH-soluble fluoride and acquired fluoride separately. Blocks of intact enamel were treated with the topical agents and subsequently exposed to 1 M KOH for 24 h. No measurable amount of fluoride was dissolved from the control specimens of intact enamel by this treatment. Results are presented from experiments with the three different fluorides applied to natural surfaces of the same tooth. The amount of fluoride in the KOH solutions for the APF gel and Duraphat® was comparable (≈ 20 μg · cm-2); Fluor Protector® deposited more than twice this amount. The layer thickness of CaF2 based on KOH-soluble fluoride was quantified. The acquired amount of fluoride in the enamel after exposure to KOH was not related to the pH value of the agent nor to the total amount of fluoride deposited on and in the enamel. The total amount of aquired fluoride in the enamel – 30 μm thick layer – was 4, 9 and 10 μg cm-2, respectively, for APF gel, Duraphat and Fluor Protector; the total amount of KOH-removable fluoride and acquired fluoride in the specimens was 28, 38 and 60 μg cm-2, respectively. The contact time plays a dominant role in the fluoridating effect in deeper layers (5–30 μra) in the enamel as well as for the amount of CaF2 deposited in the enamel surfaces for agents at the same pH value.
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Duplicate enamel blocks were cut from teeth of various age groups from areas differing in water fluoride. One enamel block received a fluoride treatment and the other served as control. Analysis of thin enamel layers revealed that ftuoride uptake was inversely proportional to the natural F- concentration and, in a lesser degree, to the age of the enamel.
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
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The interaction of fluoride with plaque and the underlying enamel was studied in an artificial mouth after topical application of three different fluoride solutions. Streptococcus mutans cells were grown on windowed bovine enamel blocks to form artificial plaque. Plaque-covered and clean enamel samples were rinsed with NaF, amine fluoride and Na-MFP (200 ppm F-, twice a day for 10 min for 3 consecutive days). Amine fluoride and NaF caused F- increments in plaque (190 and 72 ppm), Na-MFP had no effect. In clean enamel the F- concentration increased with amine fluoride and NaF but not with Na-MFP. Underneath plaque the F- increments were higher than in clean enamel for all fluoride agents; the most pronounced difference could be seen with Na-MFP.
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