Carbocyanine dye labeling reveals a new motor nucleus in octopus brain
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Abstract This work aims at a better understanding of the organization of the brain of Octopus vulgaris , emphasizing the touch and visual learning centers. We injected the carbocyanine dye, DiI, into the cerebrobrachial connectives and, separately, into the brachial nerves of living octopuses. In both experiments, retrogradely transported granules of DiI appeared in motor neurons in the superior buccal, posterior buccal and subvertical lobes and in a hitherto unsuspected motor nucleus of several hundred neurons in the posterior dorsal basal and median basal lobes. In addition we labeled afferent fibers by injecting DiI into the caudal (sensory) division of the cerebrobrachial connective on one side; the label spread throughout the superior buccal, posterior buccal and the lateral and median inferior frontal lobes mainly on the injected side. It extended through the cerebral tract into the subvertical lobe, into the superior frontal lobe through the interfrontal tract, through the posterior buccal commissure into the opposite posterior buccal lobe and into the median inferior frontal lobe. The work suggests a new function for the posterior dorsal and median basal lobes, which are shown for the first time to project through the inferior frontal lobe system into the brachial nerves. In addition it represents the first full report of the successful use of the carbocyanine dyes DiI and DiO for labeling nerve tissue in a live invertebrate animal. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.Keywords:
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ABSTRACT The vertical lobe is the topmost part of the brain of a cephalopod. It is the largest of a series of lobes, characterized by small cells and a dense neuropil, overlying parts of the supraoesophageal brain concerned with higher motor control. Because of its position it is easy to remove surgically.
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Mather consolidates the case for octopus mind and how it may be structured, shifting the starting point of inquiry from "If octopuses had minds, what would they be like?" to "What is the mind of an octopus like?".
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The stomatopod Gonodactylus bredini and the octopus Octopus joubini are found throughout the Caribbean frequenting similar habitats. In the laboratory they fight vigorously for living cavities. G. bredini do not avoid or show caution entering cavities containing the odour of O. joubini unless they have prior experience fighting with an O. joubini resident. Then they take longer to enter, are more hesitant in the entrance, and show more defensive behaviour. Thus the recognition of octopus odour is learned rather than innate. G. bredini employ different tactics entering cavities that might contain octopus rather than stomatopods. There is no evidence that G. bredini can recognize individual octopus by odour.
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ABSTRACT Octopuses with the whole supraoesophageal lobe divided in the mid-line show a lesser preference for smooth objects than normals. Learning of a simple successive tactile discrimination can proceed as fast in such a half-brain as in a whole brain. Animals in which the anterior part of the supraoesophageal lobe alone was split also learned approximately as fast as normals. When tested on the untrained side they showed at most slight signs of ‘transfer’. The unsplit vertical lobe system apparently mediates little transfer, either of learning to take or not to take an object. Animals with the posterior part of the supraoesophageal lobe alone split learned less well than normals or those with anterior splits, the deficit being due to the large number of takes of the negative object. Tests on the untrained side showed that good transfer of the capacity for positive and negative learned response occurred through the intact inferior frontal commissures. Animals without the median inferior frontal lobe showed a marked preference for rough objects. Of six trained with smooth positive only two showed increasingly correct discrimination. Four out of seven animals trained with rough positive showed an increasingly correct performance as a result of training. The performance of the others got worse as training proceeded. It is not clear whether this learning deficit is due to the excessive rough preference or to the absence of some part of the learning mechanism owing to removal of the median inferior frontal lobe. Tests on the untrained side of animals without median inferior frontal show no capacity to discriminate. This shows that the median inferior frontal is vital to lateral transfer and confirms that learning cannot readily be transferred through the vertical lobe system.
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ABSTRACT The vertical lobe is the topmost part of the brain of a cephalopod. It is the largest of a series of lobes, characterized by small cells and a dense neuropil, overlying parts of the supraoesophageal brain concerned with higher motor control. Because of its position it is easy to remove surgically.
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Octopus is an invertebrate belonging to the class of Cephalopoda. The body of an Octopus lacks any morphological joints and rigid parts. Their arms, skin and the complex nervous system are investigated by a several researchers all over the world. Octopuses are the object of inspiration for my scientists in different areas, including AI. Soft- and hardware are developed based on octopus features. Soft-robotics octopus-inspired arms are the most common type of developments. There are a lot of different variants of this solution, each of them is different from the other. In this paper, we describe the most remarkable octopus features, show solutions inspired by octopus and provide new ideas for further work and investigations in combination of AI and bioinspired soft-robotics areas.
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