Stress and heart disease: evidence of associations between unemployment and heart disease from the OPCS Longitudinal Study
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Summary The OPCS Longitudinal Study has been used to study both overall and cause-specific mortality patterns in 1971–1981 among men and women directly or indirectly affected by unemployment in April 1971. Groups studied included men seeking work in 1971, the wives of men seeking work in 1971 and other women in the same households as a man seeking work in 1971. The findings of this project are summarized here and attention is focused on mortality from circulatory diseases, in particular ischaemic heart disease. The study provides evidence which could be seen as supporting hypotheses about relationships between stress and overall mortality, with a marked excess for suicides. The evidence with respect to ischaemic heart disease is positive but less convincing with excess mortality from this cause principally occurring among younger unemployed men and among the wives of men who were seeking work in 1971. Given the sharp contrasts in the pattern and levels of unemployment between 1971 and 1981 it is difficult to extrapolate from these findings to the present day.Keywords:
Ischaemic heart disease
Longitudinal Study
Excess mortality
Ischaemic heart disease
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Abstract The increased interest in labor market theory and policy during the past years has also intensified the interest in the design and effects of the unemployment insurance system. Previously, economists concentrated mainly on the role of the system as an automatic stabilizer and on its effect on the income distribution. Lately, however, the attention has been primarily directed towards the effects of unemployment insurance on the allocation of resources and especially on the composition and extent of unemployment. It has been investigated, amons other things, if the creation of unemployment insurance or an increase in unemployment benefits within a given area has involved a rise in unemployment.
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This paper presents a framework for analyzing the relation of unemployment insurance to unemployment and applies the framework to evaluate recent developments in the UI literature and future research needs. Unemployment is decomposed into more basic elements related to the labor market flows which determine unemployment incidence and duration. It is also disaggregated by reason for unemployment -- e.g., entry into the labor force or quit last job. A matrix containing those definitional elements of unemployment which are potentially affected by the UI system forms the basis for organizing the discussion. Each component of unemployment which may be affected by variations in characteristics of the UI system is considered in turn. The discussion of each of these elements focuses on recent theoretical arid empirical studies which analyze how they are influenced by features of the UI system. By proceeding systematically through the elements which comprise unemployment and considering the major behavioral explanations linking the unemployment insurance system to unemployment, it is possible to determine where the analysis has proceeded satisfactorily and where major gaps remain.
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A model of unemployment duration is estimated with weekly micro data on a sample of Canadian men during the 1975 through 1980 period. Entitlement provisions in the unemployment insurance program and demand conditions are found to have a significant impact on the probability of leaving unemployment. The probability of a worker leaving unemployment declines with duration of unemployment, holding unemployment insurance entitlement constant. When entitlement is allowed to vary, the probability of leaving first falls and then generally rises with unemployment duration as the declining entitlement induces a greater willingness to accept offers or search more intensively. These results are robust to alternative specifications of duration dependence and to allowing for person-specific unobserved heterogeneity.
Entitlement (fair division)
Sample (material)
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Ischaemic heart disease
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Turnover
Search theory
Empirical evidence
Empirical Research
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This paper examines Australia’s scheme of unemployment protection and makes some comparisons with unemployment protection in the United States of America. Because unemployment protection arrangements in the two countries are very distinct, the paper initially describes two broad systems: unemployment insurance (UI) and unemployment assistance (UA) as alternative ways to protect workers against the effects of unemployment. Australia operates a system of unemployment protection that limits eligibility to unemployed persons and families with low income. Its system of unemployment assistance (UA) has existed for more than 50 years. The United States has operated unemployment insurance (UI) since the late 1930s.
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Myocardial metabolism was examined in 114 patients with ischaemic heart disease. In selected subgroups, possibilities were detected of using this method in clinical cardiological diagnostics for determining or defining more precisely the diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease, and for objective evaluation of conservative or surgical therapeutic approach in ischaemic heart disease.
Ischaemic heart disease
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