Overexpression of MdMADS5, an APETALA1-like gene of apple, causes early flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis
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Antirrhinum
Malus
Antirrhinum majus
Rosette (schizont appearance)
Antirrhinum
Antirrhinum majus
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ABSTRACT The asymmetric shape of the Antirrhinum corolla is determined by genes acting differentially along the dorsoventral axis of the flower. Genes so far identified determine asymmetry by acting in dorsal regions. We describe a gene, divaricata, which in contrast to previously identified genes acts in ventral regions of the flower. We show by the analysis of mutant combinations that the divaricata gene is negatively regulated by the dorsal genes cycloidea and dichotoma. In addition, we show by the analysis of chromosomal duplications that the divaricata gene acts in a dosage-dependent manner, suggesting that the level of its product is critical for determining ventral identities.
Antirrhinum majus
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Summary The gene AINTEGUMENTA ( At ANT ) is an APETALA 2 transcription factor in A rabidopsis activating growth downstream of auxin signalling. Lateral organ size is positively correlated with ANT expression in Arabidopsis. We tested the use of A t ANT as a tool to modify floral size in two different plants used as model organisms and ornamental crops, P etunia × hybrida and A ntirrhinum majus . Petunia plants expressing P h ANT RNA i showed a decrease in P h ANT expression correlated with smaller petal limbs. In contrast Petunia plants overexpressing A t ANT had larger petal limbs. Petal tube length was less affected in down‐regulation of P h ANT or overexpression of A t ANT . Overexpression of A t ANT in Antirrhinum caused increased flower size via increased petal limb width and tube length. Down‐regulation of P h ANT showed an effect on cell size while overexpression of A t ANT in P etunia and A ntirrhinum caused significant increases in cell expansion that could explain the differences in floral organ size. The endogenous expression levels of P h ANT and Am ANT tended to be higher in the limb than in the tube in both A ntirrhinum and P etunia. At ANT overexpression caused significant A m ANT up‐regulation in A ntirrhinum limbs but not of P h ANT in P etunia, indicating differences in the regulatory network. The differential effect of A t ANT on limb and tube in P etunia and A ntirrhinum correspond to phenotypic differences observed in natural variation in the corresponding genus indicating a relation between the phenotypic space of a genus and the effect of modified ANT levels, validating ANT as a gene to modify floral size.
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Antirrhinum majus
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Antirrhinum majus
Antirrhinum
Sepal
MADS-box
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The CYCLOIDEA (CYC) and DICHOTOMA (DICH) genes encode related TCP transcription factors that control floral asymmetry in Antirrhinum majus. Analysis of sequences from relatives of Antirrhinum suggested that CYC and DICH arose from a gene duplication in an ancestor of the tribe Antirrhineae and have subsequently evolved at similar rates. Coding regions outside the conserved functional TCP and R domains differed by numerous indels, suggesting rapid evolution and low constraint on amino acid sequence. An analysis of variability within the genus Antirrhinum revealed very similar CYC alleles in 17 representative species, consistent with most of the species having diverged within the last 1 myr. Whereas substitution mutations appear to have accumulated constantly, one Antirrhinum CYC allele provided evidence for sporadic and rapid accumulation of insertion mutations.
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Antirrhinum
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INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes general strategies for propagating Antirrhinum (snapdragon) species: self- and cross-pollination, cuttings, and grafting. Antirrhinum majus cultivars and some wild species are self-fertile, but they require self-pollination for high seed yields. Although self-fertile, A. majus shows unilateral incompatibility and can only be crossed to other self-incompatible species as the female parent. All Antirrhinum species can be propagated clonally from cuttings. Antirrhinum also readily forms grafts within and between species.
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The entire course of flower development in Antirrhinum majus L., from initiation to maturity, is described in terms of regular time intervals. Floral meristem and bud morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy for a sequence of 58 plastochrons. These can be grouped to define 15 stages or 7 phases of development, providing a temporal framework for gene expression and key morphological events, such as the formation of the complex corolla. The time course is also used to estimate overall growth rates of sepals and petals. Sepals initially grow at a constant rate, but growth rate gradually declines at later stages and sepal growth eventually arrests before flower development is complete. Petals initially grow at a similar rate to that of early sepals, but this growth rate is maintained for a longer period, accounting for the larger size of mature petals relative to sepals. Comparisons with Arabidopsis indicate that the duration of growth also makes an important contribution to variation in flower size.Key words: Antirrhinum, flower development, meristems, zygomorphy, developmental timing, petal.
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Antirrhinum majus
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Antirrhinum
Relative growth rate
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INTRODUCTIONThe Antirrhinum species group comprises approximately 20 morphologically diverse members that are able to form fertile hybrids. It includes the cultivated snapdragon Antirrhinum majus, which has been used as a model for biochemical and developmental genetics for more than 75 yr. The research infrastructure for A. majus, together with the interfertility of the species group, allows Antirrhinum to be used to examine the genetic basis for plant diversity.
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Antirrhinum
Scrophulariaceae
Antirrhinum majus
Nucleotide diversity
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