Intelligent Agent-Based Architecture for Demand Side Management Considering Space Heating and Electric Vehicle Load
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Contraction of resilience on generation side due to the introduction of inflexible renewable energy sources is demanding more elasticity on consumption side. It requires more intelligent systems to be implemented to maintain power balance in the grid and to fulfill the consumer needs. This paper is concerned about the energy balance management of the system using intelligent agent-based architecture. The idea is to limit the peak power of each individual household for different defined time regions of the day according to power production during those time regions. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) has been employed to study the behavior of a particular number of households for maintaining the power balance based on proposed technique to limit the peak power for each household and even individual load level. Flexibility of two major loads i.e. heating load (heat storage tank) and electric vehicle load (battery) allows us to shift the peaks on demand side proportionally with the generation in real time. Different parameters related to heating and Electric Vehicle (EV) load e.g. State of Charge (SOC), storage capacities, charging power, daily usage, peak demand hours have been studied and a technique is proposed to mitigate the imbalance of power intelligently.Keywords:
Peak demand
State of charge
Demand Response
Load management
Power Balance
Demand side
Electric heating
Peaking power plant
Hydroelectricity
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A method based on the supply-demand balance and peak load regulation of power grid impacted by thermal power,hydropower and nuclear power,is used to calculate the maximum wind power capacity that the power system can accept in working condition. The result is reliable for its method that both gurantees the balance of power grid load and avoids excessive power output. The wind power capacity that can be integrated into power grids is 2. 03 × 108 k W in 2013,which is reduced to 1. 29 × 108 k W considering the safety of power grid,still larger than the existing wind power capacity 7. 72 × 107 k W,indicating that China's wind power development has a large potential.
Power Balance
Power optimizer
Power grid
Nameplate capacity
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The peak load balance of power system is the key lo maintain its sialic stability.Wind power is urgent to be studied when accessed into the power system on a large scale.Based on mathematical models and algorithms applicable lo the calculation method on the peak load balance of power system with wind power,the corresponding calculation method is put forward.First design the operation mode of peak load shaving and the mode of wind power access based on the actual situation of this regional power grid,then simulate and calculate the surplus of peak load shaving in three modes of wind power access based on the actual data of the grid.Last,analyze the impact on peak load balance of power system coming from the access of wind power.The results shows that large-scale wind power access will bring notable' negative influence on peak load balance ol power system,the degree of influence closely relates to the modes of wind power access.
Power Balance
Peaking power plant
Mode (computer interface)
Power optimizer
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The demand for electricity exhibits diurnal, weekly, and seasonal variations. Because of these variations utilities experience off-peak times when the baseload generation capacity is not fully utilized. In addition, they experience on-peak loads substantially in excess of baseload generation capability. The use of energy storage would allow the cheaper base load generation to be used in place of expensive oil-fired combustion turbine power for peaking applications. This study has concentrated on the very shortterm peaking spikes experienced by utilities. These spikes are characterized as having a duration of up to 2 hours and a load of 85 to 100% of the utility's peak demand. This represents about 4% of the total annual amount of energy generated by utilities but about 13% of the total fuel costs. The purpose of the study is to assess the potential role for flywheels as a utility storage option and establish research and development priorities for fixed-base flywheel systems.
Flywheel
Peaking power plant
Load management
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The TS Power Plant (TSPP) is a 242 MW gross coal fired power plant designed to operate base loaded. The plant is new and began commercial operations in June 2008. Due to high volumes of snow fall in the northwest the availability of low cost hydropower in 2009 reduced power demand from TSPP and other coal based generating stations. Moreover in 2009 natural gas prices fell to the lowest point in years making energy from newer more efficient combined cycle power plants very favorable. This paper examines the performance of TSPP under varying load output conditions with regard to key plant equipment such as the boiler, steam turbine generator and air quality systems for the flue gas. The plant was being operated from minimum load without firing oil (80 NMW) to sometimes full load conditions (218 NMW). Load changes were experienced on an hour to hour basis for several months. Load changes varied from 40 NMW increasing to 60 NMW decreasing during the 20 minute load change window during the hour. The boiler has three coal pulverizers. The boiler can achieve full load operations with two pulverizers, however all three pulverizers are ran at times for reliability. At loads less than 140 NMW the plant can operate one pulverizer but operations at loads lower than 80 NMW requires oil burners for flame stabilization. Transition points from one pulverizer to two pulverizer operations also cause challenges during load changes. However examining plant operating data over the load ranges has shown that TSPP has performed very well despite the varying load schedule. The plant heat rate is a good indicator as to how well the plant has performed. The heat rate has varied from under 10,000 Btu/kwhr at low loads (< 100 MW net) to around 9,400 Btu/kWhr at higher loads (> 175 MWnet). A summary of plant boiler and turbine data under various loads is also presented in this paper as well as balance of plant equipment.
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As known from literature [1], the pressurization of systems may lead to increased efficiencies and higher power output. These benefits will have to be utilized in future power generation in order to meet the requirements of higher electrical power demand as well as the goals of lower emissions. Operating a hybrid power plant at full load only is not always an option. Small power plants have to be able to run in load-following mode in order to keep the load of the grid low. By alternating the power of the gas turbine, a hybrid power plant would only be capable of following load in a band of 100 to 80%. Therefore, load alternation of the system is crucial for the operation of a hybrid power plant.
The model of an system in a hybrid power plant has been presented before [2]. In this presentation we focus on the load-following capability of the modelled system. A series of step responses in load demand was applied to the system model, giving a close insight into the systems dynamic capabilities. These step responses will be discussed in detail and rules for dynamic system operation will be developed from these simulations. These rules have to be applied in order to keep the system within safe operation boundaries. Further complete load cycle simulations will be presented based on typical household load demands showing the dynamic capability of the pressurized fuel cell system.
The prospects of pressurized systems in stationary power generation will be discussed on the basis of economical considerations. The operation of the at full load operation as well as at dynamic load conditions will be considered.
1. Virkar, The effect of pressure on solid oxide fuel cell performance. 1997, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, University of Utah, Department of Material's Science and Engineering.
2. F. Leucht and K. A. Friedrich, SOFC System Modelling in the Hybrid Power Plant Project, in Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Fuel Cell Modelling and Experimental Validation, Bad Herrenalb (Germany) (2009).
Dynamic demand
Hybrid power
Cabin pressurization
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In the generation of electricity it is always challenging to supply the varying demand in a day. As base load power plants cater the power demand throughout the day, the peak power plants have to be operated only during the high demand time. Since the running cost of peak load power plants are extremely high compared to base load plants, the suppliers are always trying to reduce the peak load using many techniques. As in pumped storage hydro power plants, energy storage systems can absorb energy during the off peak time and supply the energy back to the system during peak time. In this research, the objective was to find a system that virtually acts like a pumped storage power plant at consumers' premise. It was found that using a battery bank, the energy can be stored and supplied to the premise to reduce the peak load. The feasibility study of the proposed system has been carried out and the results shows the storage system can reduce the peak load at the consumer premise and hence make and impact to reduce the peak load in a utility as well. By making the peak load reduced, it was proposed to reduce the toxic gas emission of peak load power plants.
Peak demand
Peak load
Peaking power plant
Stand-alone power system
Load shifting
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An Integrated Power System (IPS) should have electrical energy generating plants for base load (e.g., nuclear and thermal plants) and peak load (e.g., hydropower plants) so that they can work in coordination in such a way that the demand is met in time. In Nepal, the Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS) is a hydro-dominated system where the base and intermediate power demands are covered primarily by run-of-river hydropower plants and the peak demand by seasonal storage and several diesel power plants of lower capacity. The INPS should have sufficient natural storage and forced storage power plants to improve the system’s reliability. On top of that, daily peak electrical demand could also be adequately covered by demand-side management, using a pumped-storage hydropower plant that can employ a system’s surplus energy during low demand period for pumping. To rectify this extreme imbalance of installed capacity in Nepal, this paper explores the prospect of storage and pumped-storage power plants for enhancing INPS. A case study of Rupa-Begnas pumped-storage hydropower is highlighted for these purposes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v15i0.11290HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentVolume: 15, 2014, JulyPage: 37-41
Peak demand
Peaking power plant
Peak load
Hydroelectricity
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Aiming at the wind power receptiveness of regional grid based on power balance,the author establishes the assessment system according to influential factors including network peak load regulation,wind power simultaneity,system reserve capacity and tie-line regulation and so on,and proposes the calculation method for unit peak load regulation margin based on power balance with valley load,which is the assessment of wind power receptiveness of grid. Tanking Liaoning grid as an example,the author analyzes,according to the characteristics of power source load,the ability of wind power receptiveness of grid with valley load. The result shows that since there is wind curtailment all over the network with valley load during heating period in winter due to the restrict of peak load regulation in Liaoning grid,the ability of integration approaches to the limit with valley load.
Power Balance
Power grid
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Wind power variation affects active power balance in power system and challenges power grid operation. This paper studies two problems of active power balance in different time scales: peak regulation and frequency control in Inner Mongolia power grid with large-scale wind power, and discusses general measures to increase ability of wind power integration and to settle active power balance problem with large-scale wind power. In this paper, Inner Mongolia power grid's installed generator capacity and structure, load character and wind power variations are introduced, typical operation patterns according to load levels and generation limits in different seasons are established, and then the ability of peak regulation and frequency control are assessed. Finally, the measures to increase the operations flexibility of Inner Mongolia power grid with large-scale wind power and to solve the active power balance problem in system range are discussed.
Power Balance
Power optimizer
Dynamic demand
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