Transesterification of glycerol trioleate catalyzed by basic ionic liquids immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles: Influence of pore diffusion effect
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Non-ionically templated [Si]-MSU-1 mesoporous silicas have been prepared in weakly ionic sodium salt solutions from a non-ionic silica precursor and exhibit highly symmetric bimodal mesopore systems and demonstrate the immense flexibility of the non-ionic templating system.
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To alleviate the environmental and health threats from water resources polluted by large-sized microcystins (MCs), we demonstrate for the first time that ordered mesoporous silica materials with large pore sizes of 2-12 nm can be used as adsorbents for rapid and efficient removal of MCs. The obvious correlations between adsorption performance of MCs and physicochemical properties of adsorbents including pore mesostructure, texture and size, and surface chemistry have been well established. Accordingly, an excellent candidate, mesoporous silica SBA-15 templated from Pluronic P123 has been sorted out, exhibiting extremely rapid rate (one minute) as well as high capacities of 5.99 and 13 mg g(-1) for removing high-concentration MC-LR and MC-RR, respectively, which are much higher than that of other silica-based adsorbents reported previously. The adsorption performance can be further improved from 50 to 95% at around pH 4 by grafting positively charged and/or hydrophobic groups onto pore surface of SBA-15. Furthermore, thermodynamic and kinetic evaluations provide additional valuable information for a better understanding of the adsorption process. Given the excellent adsorption performance, it is expected that mesoporous silica materials with unique characteristics are attractive for actual applications in removal of MCs from wastewater.
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Abstract A type of multifunctional mesoporous SBA‐15 supported imidazolium ionic liquids SBA‐15@IL‐OAc have been designed and synthesized, characterized and tested as heterogeneous catalysts in the Knoevenagel condensation. The prepared catalysts exhibit good catalytic performances in the reaction at room temperature, especially the supported ionic liquid SBA‐15@IL‐OAc(0.8) with excellent yields of 90∼98 %, probably due to the synergetic effect between acetate anion sites of imidazolium ionic liquid and hydroxyl active sites of SBA‐15. In addition, the recyclability of the heterogeneous catalyst was tested, and the cycle test showed that the catalyst could be reused five times without significantly reducing the catalytic activity.
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The concept of homogeneous supported catalysts has emerged as a useful alternative to homogeneous as well as heterogeneous catalysis, possibly combining positive aspects of both. Designing catalysts with respect to not only their catalytic activity but also their physical-chemical properties, appears to be a possible way towards sustainable chemical synthesis. Such tailored catalytic systems would ideally have high catalytic activities and some property enabling their efficient recycling. We reviewed the field of specifically designed ionic catalysts used mostly in ionic liquids.
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Ionic liquid functionalized mesoporous silica compounds present significant advantages in organic synthesis as catalysts. There are various preparation procedures for the synthesis of diverse ionic liquid catalysts, which have different catalytic properties with various roles in organic reactions. Therefore, due to the increment in the usage of mesoporous materials in the industry and numerous pieces of research, in this article, the information on the development of ionic liquids supported on SBA-15 between the years 2014 and 2021 was gathered.
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A novel mesoporous Zn/MgO hexagonal-nano-plate catalyst was synthesized by a simple template-free hydrothermal method and applied in the base-catalyzed transesterification of Camelina oil for biodiesel synthesis. The Zn/MgO catalyst calcinated at 873 K exhibited the highest catalytic activity with a yield of 88.7%. This catalytic reaction was performed using 3% w/w of the catalyst with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 24:1 at 393 K in 8 h. The excellent catalytic performance is possibly attributed to its favorable textural features with relatively high surface area (69.1 m2 g-1) and appropriate size of the mesopores (10.4 nm). In addition, the as-synthesized catalyst demonstrated a greater basic sites density than single mesoporous MgO, which might have been promoted by the addition of Zn, leading to a synergetic interaction that enhanced its catalytic activity. This catalytic system demonstrated high stability for five catalytic runs and catalytic activity with over 84% yield.
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Homogeneous catalysts usually show higher catalytic activities than heterogeneous catalysts because of their high dispersion of catalytically active sites. We demonstrate here that heterogeneous catalysts of ionic liquids functionalized on superhydrophobic mesoporous polymers exhibit much higher activities in transesterification to form biodiesel than homogeneous catalysts of the ionic liquids themselves. This phenomenon is strongly related to the unique features of high enrichment and good miscibility of the superhydrophobic mesoporous polymers for the reactants. These features should allow the design and development of a wide variety of catalysts for the conversion of organic compounds.
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