The Effect of Ash Accumulation on Gasoline Particulate Filters: A Comparison Between Laboratory and Field Aged Samples
James H. JorgensenTimothy MurrayAlexander SappokVictor WongChristoph BörensenChristine LambertJames PakkoJames R. Warner
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Abstract:
Stringent regulations worldwide will limit the level of particulate matter (PM) and particle number (PN) emitted from gasoline engines. Gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) present one strategy for meeting PM and PN limits over the full operating range of the engine. Over time these filters accumulate incombustible ash, increasing system pressure drop and adversely effecting engine performance. The effect of aging as a result of ash accumulation is examined over the full lifetime of gasoline particulate filters, using a novel accelerated aging system. This system utilizes a gasoline combustion chamber into which lubricating oil is injected simulating combustion in the cylinder — the primary source of ash. This report details the construction and validation of this system.Keywords:
Gasoline direct injection
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Methods of regeneration of diesel particulate are discussed and the operation of diesel additives in particulate regeneration is analyzed. A diesel particulate purification device is designed by using diesel additives. How factors, such as the ratio of additives to fuel, the temperature of engine exhaust and the structure of the particulate filter, influence particulate regeneration is described through an experiment. This experiment shows that this diesel particulate purification device is effective in regenerating diesel particulate.
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Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) is regenerated in particulate matter (PM) oxidation reaction when PM was loaded. In this report, it makes a study regarding basic calculation method of kinetics parameters using the oxidation reaction process of PM that was simulated by laboratory experiments with synthetic gases. Additionally, it reports on the results of examining the relation between temperature and time when a DPF is regenerating, using kinetic parameters.ディーゼルエンジンから排出される粒子状物質はＤＰＦで捕集後に酸化除去される。本件では、粒子状物質の酸化反応過程をモデルガス試験で再現し、酸化に関わる速度論パラメータの導出方法について基礎的な検討を行った。さらに、導出したパラメータからＤＰＦ再生時の温度と時間の関係についても検討した結果を報告する。
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In this study the oxidation of particulate matter (PM) retained in a catalyzed particulate filter (CPF) is investigated to understand the kinetics of PM oxidation. Seven passive oxidation and four active regeneration experiments were performed on a Cummins ISB 2013 280 hp engine and the production aftertreatment system adapted to a lab setup, in order to study the NO2 assisted and thermal oxidation of the PM retained in the CPF. The CPF was loaded with PM produced by the engine and the PM was then oxidized in the CPF under various Passive Oxidation (PO) and Active Regeneration (AR) conditions.
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The new fuel property “particulate matter (PM) index” suggested by Aikawa et al. in their previous report, which reflects particulate matter emission potential of gasoline, has been shown to have a significant correlation with PM in port fuel injection engine. However, the particulate matter index applicability to direct-injection gasoline engines has not been well verified. The purpose of this study is to confirm the particulate matter index applicability to direct-injection gasoline engines. Results verified good correlation between particulate matter index and particulate matter emissions of a direct-injection gasoline engine, just as with the port fuel injection engine. The verification of particulate number emissions of the direct-injection gasoline engine on the US FTP-75 cycle indicated a high correlation with the particulate matter index. In particular, a significantly high correlation (R 2 = 0.9644) was observed in the FTP-75 cold-start phase (Phase 1) in which the fuel influences are considered most evident. The filter PM (PM mass) was simultaneously measured, and its correlation with PM index was verified. The correlation with PM mass was slightly lower than with particulate number, but it also had a good correlation with PM index. This indicated that the PM index will apply well to DI gasoline engines.
Gasoline direct injection
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The paper has carried out numerical simulation and experimental study on the pressure loss of filter. Based on pressure loss model of filter, research methods of particulate accumulated characteristics has proposed according to the exhaust flow, exhaust temperature and exhaust back pressure. Meanwhile, the model is important for the online calculation of accumulated particulate matters in the filters and failure monitoring of diesel particulate filter.
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