Composition of Phenolic Compounds and Glycoalkaloids α-Solanine and α-Chaconine during Commercial Potato Processing
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The influence of a commercial production process for dehydrated potato flakes on the content of free phenolic compounds, total phenolics, and glycoalkaloids in potatoes during the subsequent processing steps was determined. Processing byproducts, such as potato peel (steam peeling), mashed potato residues, and side streams (blanching and cooking waters), have also been investigated. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to separate and quantify caffeic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydoxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, catechin, and three isomers of caffeoylquinic acid: chlorogenic, neochlorogenic and cryptochlorogenic acid. Determination of the glycoalkaloids alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine was performed by using a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. The deliverables reveal that processing potatoes to potato flakes remarkably diminishes the content of the analyzed compounds, mainly due to peeling and leaching. The influence of thermal exposure is less significant. About 43% of the initial phenolic acids and 10% of the glycoalkaloids remain after processing. The results of the total phenolic content assay by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent are proportional to the content of phenolic compounds determined by HPLC. Steam peeling has a higher influence on glycoalkaloid losses compared to that on phenolics. The highest amounts of phenolic compounds and glycoalkaloids were found in peeling byproduct. During processing, the amount of chlorogenic acid decreased, whereas the concentration of neochlorogenic acid increased due to isomerization. The impact of the results on potato processing technology is discussed.Keywords:
Chlorogenic Acid
Glycoalkaloid
Phenolic acid
Protocatechuic acid
Vanillic acid
Protocatechuic acid
Phenolic acid
Vanillic acid
Degradation
Decarboxylation
Syringic acid
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A paper chromatographic method suitable for identification of the small amounts of coumarins and phenolic acids present in the uredospores of wheat stem rust was developed. By the use of the circular technique and a combination of three different solvent systems an adequate separation of all the substances was achieved. A preliminary development of the chromatogram with a solvent in which the test compounds were non-mobile facilitated identification and avoided the need for extensive preliminary fractionation of the extracts.Using this method the following compounds were identified in spore extracts: coumarin, umbelliferone, daphnetin, aesculetin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid; coumarin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, o-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were also present as glycosides; in addition scopoletin, gallic acid, syringic acid, and sinapic acid were detected after hydrolysis and are assumed to be present only in a bound form.In order to obtain some information about the role of these substances in the physiology of wheat stem rust, uredospores were germinated by being floated en masse on dilute aqueous solutions. Of the compounds tested, indoleacetic acid, coumarin, o-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, umbelliferone, and daphnetin gave a marked stimulation of germination at concentrations of 10–200 μg./ml. Caffeic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, and ferulic acid β-glucoside had little effect or were strongly inhibitory.The stimulation of germination is attributed to the counteraction of a self-inhibitor released from the spores, and the possible significance of the compounds on the physiology of the rust and the host–parasite relationship is discussed.
Vanillic acid
Protocatechuic acid
Syringic acid
Umbelliferone
Coumaric acid
Phenolic acid
Hydroxybenzoic acid
p-Coumaric acid
Stem rust
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Abstract The extraction of low molecular weight phenolic compounds from pedons of two hydrosequences and two developmental sequences was investigated. Seven phenolic compounds were identified in Na 4 P 2 O 7 extracts: three benzoic acids—protocatechuic, p ‐hydroxybenzoic, and vanillic acids; two aldehydes— p ‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and vanillin; and two cinnamic acids— trans p ‐coumaric and ferulic acids. Identification of the compounds was by cochromatography with authentic standards. In general, the total phenolic content increased going from the somewhat excessively drained to the somewhat poorlydrained members of the hydrosequences and from the least‐developed to the most‐developed members of the Spodosol developmental sequences. The substituted benzoic acids accounted for most of the phenolic compounds in all horizons. While p ‐hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acids dominated in the surface horizons, protocatechuic acid was found in higher concentrations in the spodic horizons. Aluminum and Fe maxima also occurred within horizons that had protocatechuic acid as the prevalent phenolic compound. The results suggest that Al and Fe chelate complexes with protocatechuic acid may play a role in the formation of spodic horizons.
Vanillic acid
Protocatechuic acid
Podzol
Hydroxybenzoic acid
Benzoic acid
Phenolic acid
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The phenolic acid profile of honey depends greatly on its botanical and geographical origin. In this study, we carried out a quantitative analysis of phenolic acids in the ethyl acetate extract of 12 honeys collected from various regions in Greece. Our findings indicate that protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid are the major phenolic acids of the honeys examined. Conifer tree honey (from pine and fir) contained significantly higher concentrations of protocatechuic and caffeic acid (mean: 6640 and 397 µg/kg honey respectively) than thyme and citrus honey (mean of protocatechuic and caffeic acid: 437.6 and 116 µg/kg honey respectively). p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was the dominant compound in thyme honeys (mean: 1252.5 µg/kg honey). We further examined the antioxidant potential (ORAC assay) of the extracts, their ability to influence viability of prostate cancer (PC-3) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells as well as their lowering effect on TNF- α-induced adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells (HAEC). ORAC values of Greek honeys ranged from 415 to 2129 µmol Trolox equivalent/kg honey and correlated significantly with their content in protocatechuic acid (p<0.001), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p<0.01), vanillic acid (p<0.05), caffeic acid (p<0.01), p-coumaric acid (p<0.001) and their total phenolic content (p<0.001). Honey extracts reduced significantly the viability of PC-3 and MCF-7 cells as well as the expression of adhesion molecules in HAEC. Importantly, vanillic acid content correlated significantly with anticancer activity in PC-3 and MCF-7 cells (p<0.01, p<0.05 respectively). Protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid and total phenolic content correlated significantly with the inhibition of VCAM-1 expression (p<0.05, p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively). In conclusion, Greek honeys are rich in phenolic acids, in particular protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acid and exhibit significant antioxidant, anticancer and antiatherogenic activities which may be attributed, at least in part, to their phenolic acid content.
Vanillic acid
Protocatechuic acid
Phenolic acid
Trolox
Coumaric acid
Hydroxybenzoic acid
ABTS
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Protocatechuic acid
Vanillic acid
Phenolic acid
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Heavy metal toxicity is one of the major abiotic stresses caused by physiological and biochemical changes. Plants have evolved various phytochemical defense mechanisms to cope with this abiotic stress conditions. Phenolic compounds are one of the stress responses and have multiple roles in respect to adaptation of plants to the environment. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the differential accumulation of various phenolics with HPLC in the leaves of corn exposed to increasing heavy metal doses in the plant growth medium. The application of Cd, Cu, and Pb increased the total phenolics in all treatments compared to control groups. Chlorogenic acid and rutin were the main phenolic compounds in respect to quantifying. However, the contents of caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and vanillic acid were comparatively lower than chlorogenic acid and rutin in all samples. The content of chlorogenic acid significantly increased and rutin slightly increased in the treatment of the heavy metals. The levels of caffeic acid and ferulic acid significantly decreased in all exposures of heavy metals compared to control groups. The content of vanillic acid changed according to heavy metal types and doses in the leaves of corn, and the low doses of Pb and Cd increased the level of vanillic acid. We show that there is a positive correlation with the total phenolic content and chlorogenic acid when the corn is exposed to Pb. Moreover, there are negative correlations between total phenolic compound and caffeic acid, ferulic acid in the application of Cu and Cd.
Vanillic acid
Chlorogenic Acid
Phenolic acid
Phytochemical
Metal Toxicity
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Protocatechuic acid
Vanillic acid
Phenolic acid
Phloroglucinol
Catabolism
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Syringic acid
Vanillic acid
Protocatechuic acid
Chlorogenic Acid
Gentisic acid
Phenolic acid
Tannic acid
Ellagic Acid
Coumaric acid
Benzoic acid
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BACKGROUNDAIM: To investigate the in vitro effects of ferulic acid,caffeic acid,vanillic acid,aspirin,salicylic acid on DNA damage using the single cell gel electrophoresis(comet assay). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Lymphocytes from healthy volunteers were pre-incubated with these phenolic compounds at various concentrations(50,100,500μmol/L)or500μmol/L only,the comet assay was performed on challenged or unchallenged cells in parallel,oxidant challenge being induced by10min exposure to40μmol/L H 2 O 2 . RESULTS: Compared to positive control,the tail moments were all reduced after pretreatment of the cells with different phenolic acids at different concentrations and then challenged with H 2 O 2 .The protective effects of ferulic acid and vanillic acid were greater,and the upward trend was shown with the increasing dose.Whereas aspirin,salicylic acid,especially caffeic acid at high dose(500μmol/L)exhibited greater tail moment than low doses(50μmol/L,100μmol/L).The tail moment showed a marked increment compared to control group after treatment of the cells with caffeic acid(500μmol/L)at37℃for30min(without H 2 O 2 challenged),whereas aspirin(500μmol/L)and salicylic acid(500μmol/L)showed no effects. CONCLUSION: Protective effects were showed by all five phenolic compounds at different concentrations.The protective effects of ferulic acid and vanillic acid increased with dose.However caffeic acid showed less protective effects.In fact,incubating lymphocytes with500μmol/L caffeic acid alone actually induced DNA damage.Aspirin and salicylic acid also exhibited better antioxidant effects,but whether they have pro-antioxidant effects deserve further investigations.
Vanillic acid
Phenolic acid
Comet Assay
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Protocatechuic acid
Syringic acid
Vanillic acid
Phenolic acid
Hydroxybenzoic acid
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