Tensor fascia latae perforator flap: An alternative reconstructive choice for anterolateral thigh flap when no sizable skin perforator is available
Luca NegosantiValentina PintoBeatrice TavanielloErich FabbriRossella SgarzaniDaniela TassoneRiccardo CiprianiFederico Contedini
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Abstract:
The anterolateral thigh flap (ALT) is a versatile flap and very useful for the reconstruction of different anatomical districts. The main disadvantage of this flap is the anatomical variability in number and location of perforators. In general, absence of perforators is extremely rare. In literature, it is reported to be from 0.89% to 5.4%. If no sizable perforators are found, an alternative reconstructive strategy must be considered. Tensor fascia lata (TFL) perforator flap can be a good alternative in these cases: Perforator vessels are always present, the anatomy is more constant and it is possible to harvest it through the same surgical access. The skin island of the flap can be very large and can be thinned removing a large part of the muscle allowing its use for almost the same indications of the ALT flap.We report 11 cases of reconstruction firstly planned with the ALT flap, then converted into TFL perforator flap.The result was always satisfactory in terms of the donor site morbidity and reconstructive outcome.Keywords:
Perforator flaps
Fascia lata
Reconstructive Surgery
Reconstructive Surgeon
Deep fascia
Background: Despite the most heroic efforts, sometimes free flaps fail. Perforator free flaps are not invincible and can suffer the same fate. The real challenge is how to decide what is the next best choice for achieving the desired outcome. Methods: Over the past decade, 298 free perforator flaps were used in our institution. Total failure occurred in 16 patients, and partial failure requiring a second free flap occurred in an additional 6 patients for a true success rate of 93%. All failures had some form of secondary vascularized tissue transfer, which included the use of muscle flaps in 9 (41%) different patients. Results: Initial flap salvage after a failed perforator free flap was attempted with 12 perforator and 5 muscle free flaps as well as 1 perforator and 2 muscle local flaps. These were not all successful, with loss of 3 muscle free flaps and 3 perforator flaps. Tertiary free flap coverage was successful in 3 cases using 2 muscle flaps and 1 perforator free flap. Local fasciocutaneous flaps or primary wound closure was used in the remaining individuals. Conclusions: Microsurgical tissue transfers can be the most rewarding and at the same time the most challenging reconstructive endeavor. Persistence in achieving the desired outcome can require multiple steps. Perforator flaps are an important asset to obtain this goal. However, muscle flaps can still be a useful alternative, and the message is that they should not be overlooked as sometimes a viable option.
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Many reports about free perforator flaps have been published. Among them, the free true perforator flap (classified by Koshima) is the least invasive flap because the main vessels in both donor and recipient sites are preserved. Two cases of reconstruction with free true perforator flaps in the hand and forearm region are reported. This is the first report of free true perforator flaps.
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In planning the sequential transfer of free flaps with an adequate time interval, the transferred prior flap can be considered a potential donor site when it becomes partially dispensable as a result of redundancy. Increased control of the range of flap thickness is one of the advantages of a perforator flap. Therefore, a transferred perforator flap with a redundancy in thickness could be reelevated later as a thin perforator flap that leaves significant subcutaneous tissue intact. We present an unusual case in which a prior free perforator flap was reelevated as a thin flap and transferred as a free flap to another location. Two years after the first transfer, the medial thigh septocutaneous perforator-based flap in the calf region was elevated again, with only the inclusion of a thin subcutaneous layer based on the same perforator pedicle, and was moved as a free flap to the anterior tibial region. The use of a prior perforator flap as a donor site for a later flap can avoid the additional sacrifice of a new donor site. The recycling of redundant perforator flaps to yield another flap through tangential splitting is another advantage of perforator flaps.
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A perforator flap consists of skin and fat harvested from a donor site nourished by myocutaneous perforators while sparing the donor muscle for function and strength. This flap type has revolutionized microvascular free tissue transfer and the techni
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A deep burn injury of the right upper extremity in a 12‐month‐old boy was successfully reconstructed with a tensor fascia lata free flap taken from an acutely burned donor thigh, as a healthy donor site was not available elsewhere. The result was satisfactory.
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Our first 100 free flap operations are reviewed. The location and cause of the defects requiring free flaps, the flaps used, and the outcome are tabulated. The lower leg was the most common site of defect. Osteomyelitis and trauma were the most common causes. The latissimus dorsi and tensor fascia lata were the most useful flaps. Of the 15 patients with failed flaps, wound closure was accomplished by other methods in 13 and 2 underwent amputation. One of the patients with a successful free flap ultimately underwent amputation because of recurrent osteomyelitis.
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The anatomic topography of the perforators within the rectus muscle and the anterior fascia largely determines the time needed to harvest the perforator free flap and the difficulty of the procedure. In 100 consecutive cases, the topographic patterns of the perforators were investigated. In 65 percent, a short intramuscular course was seen. In 16 percent, a perforator at the tendinous intersection was encountered. In 9 percent, the largest perforator was found to have a long intramuscular course. In 5 percent, a subfascial course was found, and in another 5 percent, a paramedian course was found. In 74 percent of flaps, just one perforator was used, whereas two perforators were dissected in 20 percent. Only in 6 percent of flaps were three perforators used. A long intramuscular course (>4 cm) lengthens the dissection substantially, especially when the intramuscular course is in a step-wise pattern. The subfascial course requires precarious attention at the early stage of the perforator dissection when splitting the fascia. The perforators at the tendinous intersections are the most accessible and require a short but intense dissection in the fibrotic tissue of intersection. A paramedian perforator, medial to the rectus muscle, is a septocutaneous rather than a musculocutaneous perforator. The straightforward dissection almost extends up to the midline. Therefore, dissection always is performed at one side and, if no good perforators are present, continued at the intact contralateral side. The size of these perforators and their location in the flap determine the choice. One perforator with significant flow can perfuse the whole flap. If in doubt, two perforators can be harvested, especially if they show a linear anatomy so that muscle fibers can be split. The only interference with the muscle exists in splitting the muscle fibers. A perforator that lies in the middle of the flap is preferable. For a large flap, a perforator of the medial row provides better perfusion to zone 4 than one of the lateral row because of the extra choke vessel for the lateral row perforators. The clinical appearance of the perforators is the key element in the dissection of the perforator flap. Perforator topography determines the overall length and difficulty of the procedure.
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Tensor fascia lata (TFL) musculocutaneous flaps often require a donor site graft when harvesting a large flap. However, a major drawback is that it also sacrifices the muscle. To overcome this disadvantage, we designed a TFL perforator-based island flap that was harvested from a site near the defect and involved transposition within 90 degrees without full isolation of the pedicles. We performed procedures on 17 musculocutaneous flaps and 23 perforator-based island flaps, and compared the outcomes of these surgeries. The overall complication rate was 27.5% (11 regions). There were 7 complications related to the musculocutaneous flaps and 4 complications related to the perforator flaps. Although there were no statistical differences between those groups, lower complication rates were associated with procedures involving perforator flaps. The TFL perforator procedure is a simple and fast operation that avoids sacrificing muscle. This decreases complication rates compared to true perforator flap techniques that require dissection around the perforator or pedicle.
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